Retirement Revamping Essay -- essays research papers fc

Government managed savings is a significant worry in American culture today. Standardized savings originally began in 1935 under President Roosevelt when he marked the Social Security Act that furnished the old with ensured retirement pay. In 1939, benefits for life partners, subordinate offspring of retirees, and overcomers of laborers who bite the dust before retirement were executed by congress. In the 1950’s, debilitated laborers were likewise given advantages. Presently days, Social Security is under examination. Assets are exhausting, and Social Security needs some genuine patching up. Numerous arrangements have approached, however the most useful arrangement is to make privatized speculation accounts that permit people to have more impact over their own cash for retirement. (Weisman) In 2000, $402 billion dollars were spent to give more than 45 million individuals profits by Social Security. 63%, or $348 billion dollars, went to resigned laborers while the other 37%, or $54 billion dollars, was disseminated among impaired specialists and their families. Starting at 1950, there were 16 individuals paying Social Security charges to each one retiree accepting advantages. Presently, the proportion is at a terrible 3.4 citizens to each one beneficiary. (Clayton) Projectionists are stating that with the current duties and the present spending, more cash will be paid out than got continuously 2016. Truth be told, some state the shortage will arrive at numbers totaling $17.4 billion of every 2016. Increasingly finished, if this pattern proceeds, obligation will reach $99 billion constantly 2020 and $271 billion out of 2030; projections show that supports will be totally evaporated by 2038 if nothing has still been finished. (Weisman) Financial specialists have a few distinct recommendations for how to fix the issue. Some state that people ought to have unlimited authority over their cash to put resources into the financial exchange as they pick. They see putting some of Social Security in the market as the best way to dispense with the deficiency. They state the shortage will before long increment with the children of post war America age prepared to resign in the following 12 years, and they accept the market is the country’s best wagered to keep Social Security above water. (Weisman) Others accept that only a couple of minor changes are expected to fix the issue. Thoughts, for example, the raising of most extreme wages subject to a finance assessment and putting 15% of Social Security’s surplus in stocks, have been proposed to join in the guide of wiping out the de... ...e executed in the more youthful American age. This will spare standardized savings for its future beneficiaries and make a superior establishment for the up and coming age. The truth is, Social Security will change, and it must change or, more than likely retirement for all will stop to exist. Works Cited Clayton, Gary E. Financial matters Principles and Practices. Columbus, OH: Glencoe McGraw      Hill. 2003. Feldstein, Martin. â€Å"Privatizing Social Security: The $10 Trillion Opportunity.† Social Security Privatization. 11 Nov. 2004. . Ferrara, Peter. â€Å"A Plan For Privatizing Social Security.† Social Security Privatization. 11 Nov. 2004. . Ferrara, Peter. â€Å"The Failed Critique of Personal Accounts.† 8 Oct. 2001. 11 Nov. 2004. . Orszag, Peter R. â€Å"Costs of Voluntary Individual Accounts for Social Security.† 5 May 2000.â â â â â 15 Nov. 2004. Rechtman, Yigal. â€Å"The Idea of Privatization.† Social Security and Privatization. 11 Nov. 2004 â€Å"Strengthening Social Security.† The White House. 11 Nov. 2004  â â â â Weisman, Jonathan. â€Å"Bush Pushes for Overhaul; Others Say Go Slow, If at all†. USA      Today.

Application of rapid prototyping in industrial field Essay

Utilization of fast prototyping in modern field - Essay Example Some particular utilizations of quick prototyping are talked about underneath. 1. Speculation throwing Investment throwing is one of the broadly utilized assembling forms lately however it had been being used for quite a long while. In the speculation throwing process, a metallic part is made with the assistance of a venture model and it is utilized as equipment. As the initial step of the procedure, the venture is covered with certain layers of artistic shell material and sand. In the wake of drying the example, it is ignited with high temperature so as to make it more grounded and procure high protection from warm responses. This consuming procedure makes a few cavities in the example which is loaded up with liquid metal and along these lines permitted to cool (Cooper and Cooper, 133)1. The model so created permits the organization to survey the exhibition of the structured model. Since the organization gets the model throwing inside a couple of days on less cost, they are mitigate d from the gigantic costs of conventional procedures of creation tooling or machining. Notwithstanding venture throwing, sand throwing, vacuum throwing, and infusion shaping there are a portion of the uses of fast prototyping which fall under the classification of circuitous tooling. 2. Laser-Engineered Net Shaping It is likewise a use of quick prototyping and remembers for the class of direct tooling. ... The MTS Corporation has popularized the framework. Quick devices, Direct AIM, LOMComposite, and Sand Molding are different applications under direct tooling. 5 3. Aviation and Military Rapid prototyping is utilized for the Airbus fabricating in the Europe particularly in UK. The Airbus producing industry faces the test in structuring satisfactory models of air stream as it includes the siphoning of ‘high constrain air to control turbine motors inside a restricted space envelope’ (Euromold)6. Laser sintering was found as the best answer for this issue and it causes the producer to meet different money related necessities of the task and comply with the time constraints. Quick prototyping and along these lines added substance advancements help the air stream industrialists to do their capacities effectively and productively. Quick prototyping has different applications additionally in the administration zone of military. 4. Clinical and Dental 7 As the part of quick protot yping grew quick, the clinical business has likewise acquired a few points of interest. It encourages clinical specialists to plan physical models from clinical pictures with assistance of added substance manufacture innovation. These days, the specialists over the world utilize physical anatomical models so as to create systems for complex medical procedures as it encourages them to complete the procedure all the more easily 8(ProtoCAM). As the clinical gadget fabricates understood the extent of fast prototyping, they have started to take tolerant explicit pictures in order to create huge assortments of databases for the further planning forms. Scientists in the region of osteology have numerous applications with quick prototyping as it causes them to deliver bone models and break mending

How Is Bipolar Disorder Treated

How Is Bipolar Disorder Treated Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Treating Bipolar Disorder Medications, Therapy, and More By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 28, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prescription Medications Psychological Therapies Complementary Treatments Lifestyle Changes Finding Treatment View All Bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong illness with episodes (especially if untreated) that are highly variable and unique to each individual. Treatment is complex and often involves more than one medication over time. Talk therapy, complementary medicine, and lifestyle modifications can also help, but psychiatric medications are the mainstay of treatment. Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell Prescription Medications Medications can help a person with bipolar illness manage their symptoms and function well in everyday life. A  person who has bipolar disorder tends to experience extreme highs (mania) and extreme lows (depression). Certain medications help stabilize your mood so you dont experience severe highs and lows. Since drug therapy is an important component of treatment for bipolar disorder, its important to educate yourself about the various medication options. A psychiatrist will choose which medications are likely to work best for your symptoms. At times, your medications may need to be adjusted or changed. If you have bipolar disorder and youre unhappy with the  medication  that youre currently onâ€"perhaps you feel like its not working well enough  or maybe youre experiencing a side effect that you simply cant standâ€"remember that its never a good idea to stop taking a medication cold turkey or change the dose of a medication without first talking to your doctor. If you need to switch medications, your physician or psychiatrist will advise you on how to do so safely. Anti-Convulsants Anticonvulsants, also known as anti-seizure medications, are sometimes used as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder.   Carbamazepine  (Atretol, Tegretol, Epitol)Divalproex Sodium  (Depakote, Epival)Gabapentin  (Neurontin)Lamotrigine  (Lamictal)Oxcarbazepine  (Trielptal)Topiramate  (Topamax)Valproic Acid  (Depakene) Antipsychotics First generation antipsychotics, also known as typical antipsychotics, include: Chlorpromazine  (Thorazine)Haloperidol  (Haldol)Fluphenazine  (prolixin, permitil)Flupenthixol  (Fluanxol)Zuclopenthixol (Opixol) Atypical antipsychotics have fewer  extrapyramidal side effects  when compared to typical antipsychotics. But some, especially clozapine and olanzapine, carry a high risk of  metabolic syndrome. Atypical antipsychotics include: Aripiprazole  (Abilify)Clozapine  (Clozaril)Olanzapine  (Zyprexa)Risperidone (Risperdal)Ziprasidone  (Geodon)Quetiapine (Seroquel) Antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, are antidepressants that are commonly prescribed for major depressive disorder  but can also be prescribed for a bipolar depression. The SSRIs include: Citalopram  (Celexa)Escitalopram  (Lexapro, Cipralex)Sertraline  (Zoloft)Fluoxetine  (Prozac, Sarafem)Fluvoxamine  (Luvox)Paroxetine  (Paxil) The serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) include: Venlafaxine  (Effexor)Duloxetine  (Cymbalta)Desvenlafaxine  (Pristiq, Desfax) Tricyclic antidepressants are an older class of antidepressants that while effective for some people do carry a large side effect profile including heart arrhythmias and anticholinergic side effects like dry mouth, sedation, and constipation.   Amitriptyline  (Amitrip, Elevil, Endep, Levate, Amitril, Enovil)Amoxapine  (Asendin)Clomipramine  (Anafril)Desipramine  (Norpramin, Pertofrane)Doxepin  (Sinequan)Imipramine  (Tofranil)Nortriptyline  (Aventyl, Pamelor) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are an older class of antidepressant. They work by preventing the breakdown of monoamines in the brain, like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Examples include: Phenelzine  (Nardil)Moclobemide  (Manerix)Tranylcypromine  (Parnate) There are also antidepressants that do not necessarily fit into the above categories, like Mirtazapine (Remeron), Trazodone (Oleptro, Desyrel), and  Bupropion  (Wellbutrin). Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines depress a persons central nervous system and are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. Benzodiazepines have different half-lives, meaning some are short-acting, intermediate-acting, or long-acting. They include: Alprazolam  (Xanax, Novo-alprazol,  Nu-alpraz)Clonazepam  (Klonopin, Rivotril)Chlordiazepoxide  (Librium, Libritabs)Diazepam  (Valium)Flurazepam  (Dalmane)Lorazepam  (Ativan)Oxazepam  (Serax)Temazepam  (Restoril)Triazolam  (Halcion) Other Medications There are a number of other medications used by people with bipolar disorder. Some are used quite commonly but do not necessarily fit into one of the common categories of psychiatric medication. One example is lithium  (Lithane, Lithobid, Lithonate, Eskalith, Cibalith-S, Duralith)â€"it is an element and was the first treatment for bipolar disorder. Although it requires careful monitoring, it is still commonly and effectively used as a first line mood stabilizer. On the other hand,  Verapamil  (Calan, Isoptin), is a blood pressure medication that has been tried experimentally in the treatment of mania. Combination Medications Sometimes your doctor will prescribe a single medication that combines two drugs. This may provide increased convenience, but less flexibility in adjusting the individual dosages. Three examples include: Triavil  (Amitriptyline/perphenazine)Limbitrol  (Amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide)Symbyax  (Fluoxetine/olanzapine) Psychological Therapies Many symptoms of bipolar disorder  impact emotional well-being, so psychotherapy can often be helpful. Therapy sessions should take place with trained mental health professionalsâ€"they can help  identify when your moods are changing, triggers that lead to depressive or manic episodes, and skills to cope with bipolar disorder. They can also increase medication compliance, help you connect with others in the bipolar disorder community, and reduce any negative behaviors that affect your quality of life. There are several types of psychotherapy (talk therapy) that might be considered such as  cognitive behavioral therapy,  dialectical behavioral therapy, and family treatment. Involving loved ones in your treatment can help members of your family gain a better understanding of bipolar disorder and it can assist them in supporting your treatment. The Best Online Therapy Programs Complementary Treatments Its important to talk to your doctor before trying any alternative treatments. Herbal supplements, like  St. Johns Wort, could interfere with your medication or it may even trigger a manic episode.?? Studies have shown it may alleviate mild to moderate depression.?? Another complementary treatment for aspects of bipolar disorder is  phototherapy, also known as light box therapy. It is often used to treat seasonal depression. Evidence regarding the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?? or acupuncture?? is inconsistent. There is not much data available clearly supporting the effectiveness of other alternative interventions in bipolar disorder (e.g., aromatherapy, massage therapy, yoga) although they may be beneficial in terms of general self-care. Before starting any type of alternative treatment, talk to your physician or psychiatrist. Lifestyle Changes Your doctor and therapist will likely talk to you about strategies to manage your lifestyle. Adequate sleep, exercise, and good nutrition can be key components in managing your symptoms. Its also important to manage your stress level. Developing healthy coping skills and helpful outlets for your stress can be key to regulating your mood. It may also be important to avoid drugs and alcohol. Mood altering substances tend to intensify the problems associated with bipolar disorder. Support can also be helpful in managing your symptoms. If you lack resources like supportive friends and a family, joining a support group for individuals with bipolar disorder may be especially important.   Finding Treatment Treatment for bipolar disorder can be initiated once a proper diagnosis is made. Your physician will likely refer you to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. Be sure to speak openly with your physician and mental health professional about your symptoms, behaviors, moods, and anything else you notice in your daily life. Bipolar Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF Bipolar disorder is best managed by a team of professionals. When those professionals work together to manage your symptoms, youll likely be able to experience remission.  With the right  treatment  plan, many people go for years and even decades being symptom-free. Remission is about gaining stability and keeping your bipolar disorder under control, and thats what most people who have bipolar disorder  are hoping forâ€"a productive and harmonious life. Achieving stability usually requires medication as part of the treatment plan. Living Well With Bipolar Disorder: Facing Stigma and More

Notes On Managing Equality And Diversity - 995 Words

7. Managing equality and diversity Equality an opportunity in UK is the way to solve equality and diversity in organisation that refer to the legal framework developed in 1970s and 1980s and translated into employee legislation (Iles, 2011 p.24). Part of it is originated from US experiences but have several differences such as age discrimination and affirmative action (Liff, 1997). Equal Opportunities paradigm can be seen into two perspectives: liberal approach and radical approach. Liberal approach view inequality related to race and gender as a distortion for labour market that can be corrected by consistent recruitment procedures and positives action upon recruitment and training. This action can leads to fair procedures that reflect equality opportunity (Iles, 2011, op. cit.). In the other hand radical approach consider the liberal approach as ineffective in making a significant change, with formal procedures used as a sight to hiding discrimination that take place. This approach believes that there is a ‘best person’ for the job, and that rational and unbiased procedure can discover that person. But a concern over favouritism and reverse discrimination, and accusation can develop into divisive competition between groups, ensured that more radical approach did not become mainstream (ibid., p.24-25). As explained by Mulholland earlier in the text that diversity management is a proactive approach to objectify success in organisation goal. However this approach notShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Success Is Increasingly Becoming Dependent On An Organization1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs and background than ever before (Gupta, 2013). Workforce diversity is widely taken into consideration by many organizations since it is considered to enhance decision-making and create a competitive advantage (Gupta, 2013). Diversity management has therefore been increasingly a matter of academic and practical interest, and the adoption of diversity management pr ograms has been growing steadily due to the rate at which diversity is becoming prevalent and essential in the workplace (Simmons andRead MoreWorkplace Diversity Within The Workplace1322 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade, diversity in the workplace has become one of the most frequently discussed topics in management groups or circles, while interested academically in the actual prospective of workplace diversity has remained limited. To be successful in managing diversity in the workplace first one must understand it from a personal perspective. To be able to derive knowledge and strength from one’s differences shows deep faces in character. A book I read in high school defined diversity as â€Å"the mosaicRead MoreCultural Diversity At The Twenty First Century Decade Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pages Most organizations have identified factors that contributed to managers’ blindness to the impact of cultural diversity. In the twenty first century decade organization, have a direct impact on low productivity. Besides, diversity leads to ambiguity, disagreement on specific action and over complexity in the workforce. As a result, there is tension that is related to cultural diversity, which frustrates managers and cause lack of preparedness to deal with the sensitivity of cultural differencesRead MoreCriminology697 Words   |  3 Pagesand boundaries would be as a teacher / tutor in terms of the teaching / training cycle. Note - FENTO (The standards body before LLUK) described the teaching cycle as follows for each group of students:- a. Assessing the learners needs b. Planning and preparing teaching and learning programmes for groups and individuals c. Developing and using a range of teaching and learning techniques Managing the learning process d. Providing the learners with support e. Assessing the outcomesRead MoreThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm )1789 Words   |  8 Pagesworldwide economy in which an immense competition has been found coming from almost all the continents. Therefore, both profit and not-for-profit organisations around the world need diversity in workplace so that they become more creative and open to greater change. Now, maximising and capitalising on equality and diversity at workplace has become a more crucial matter for the modern-day’s human resource management (HRM). The majority of the people, both males and females, are at a disadvantage in domainsRead MoreLegal and Organizational Requirements on Equality, Diversity, Discrimination, Rights , Confidentiality and Sharing of Information in Relation to Managing and Developing Yourself and Your Workforce1002 Words   |  5 Pages1. 1 Legal and organizational requirements on equality, diversity, discrimination, rights , confidentiality and sharing of information in relation to managing and developing yourself and your workforce Legislation forms a framework which all care homes must adhere to; this is carried out in many guises and includes many parliamentary acts such as human rights act 1998 and the mental health act 1993, these acts are designed to protect and promote rights and responsibilities of people within aRead More4DEP Activity 1894 Words   |  4 Pagesof the organization, its’ stakeholders and the environment it works in. Gather and analyse data to determine areas of threat or opportunity. Share insights with colleagues and managers to influence the development of policies, ensuring diversity and equality is considered in all cases. Discuss changes with employees, ensuring they have an understanding of the reason behind it and expectations. Keep records and review progress at regular intervals Leading HR Considering the priorities ofRead MoreBuisness and Administration Level21711 Words   |  7 PagesEmployment Rights legislation †¢ National Minimum Wage legislation †¢ Employment legislation †¢ Working time Regulations †¢ Part Time Workers 1 1.2 Identify the main points of legislation affecting employers and employees  © OCR 2010 †¢ Regulations Equality and antidiscrimination legislation 1.3 Identify where to find information on employment rights and responsibilities both internally and externally 1.3 Where to find information on employment rights and responsibilities includes: †¢ InformationRead MoreUnit 1 Equality and Diversity4046 Words   |  17 PagesUnit 1 Equality and Diversity Level 4Theory assignment Methodology The aims and objectives of this unit are to show an understanding of the role of Equality and Diversity in education I have chosen to research and write about those areas that are relevant and appropriate to the work that I am doing, in order to improve my teaching practice. This hopefully means that the skills I have learned pertaining to research around the subjects will help to fill in any gaps in my knowledgeRead MoreThe Wide Range Of Responsibilities Conducted By Teacher1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom different backgrounds. It is required to have a race equality policy in place. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 It aimed to ensure disabled people were offered the same educational opportunities and choices as that in mainstream society. Institution now have a statutory duty to identify assess and make provision for pupil’s with special Educational needs. Equality Act (2006) As a teacher I would promote the equality Act 2010 by providing learners with good knowledge and

The Poisonwood Bible by Nathan Price Essay - 750 Words

The Poisonwood Bible is a book about a man named Nathan Price who takes his wife and four daughters on a mission into the Congo. All of their ups and downs are documented throughout the story. This novel was written by Barbara Kingsolver in 1998. This story was inspired from her own personal trip that her father took her on, to the Congo, where they lived without and water, electricity, and many other necessities. During the time period that this book was being written, a lot of feminist and post-colonial literature was being acknowledged. Feminist literature is both nonfiction and fiction that supports women by defending political, economic and social rights for women. Many works of feminist literature depict strong willed women who†¦show more content†¦[...] Its hard to say which is worse, seeing it run out and waste the water, or seeing it hold in and wreck the shoes(56). This goes to show how sexist Nathan can truly be. All of these examples show the way that women look at men and that the women are noticing that they are being treated wrong. If it were in the perspective of Nathan, or any other man, he would see absolutely nothing wrong in the acts downgrading women. All throughout the book, many of the women are displayed as very hardworking figures who can get by absolutely fine without a man around, which was a main goal in feminist literature. In the story, Leah says, â€Å"Congolese men didnt treat their own wives and daughters as if they were very sensible or important. Though as far as I could see the wives and daughters did just about all the work† (229). This is a way that Kingsolver depicts women as the harder working figures, because all throughout the book, the men do almost nothing and the women do everything. After Orleanna and the daughters have all left and decided to never come back, Leah says, â€Å"With no men around, everyone was surprisingly lighthearted† (390). This is her way of saying that now that they were f inally away from Nathan, they finally felt free and happy. These examples show how little the men did, and how the women could get along just fine without them in their lives. Another feminist writing characteristic conveyed throughout the story is the actShow MoreRelatedForgive and Forget in The Poisonwood Bible by Nathan Price Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesperson that had to be forgiven was themselves? In the Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the story is told through multiple points of view. Each member of the Price family is noticeably different, and each have their own inner demons. As each character is unlike, the way they handle their guilt, and search for forgiveness are also different. Some characters like Orleanna Price are forgiven by the end of the novel, and others, such as Nathan Price are not as fortunate. In this story the biggest conflictsRead MoreCultural Morality: Comparative Analysis between a Fine Balance and the Poisionwood Bible1322 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Morality Comparative Analysis between A Fine Balance and the Poisionwood Bible Cultural relativism really emphasizes the concept that each individual cultural belief differs from one societal class to another; in consequence, moral and ethical principles are related to what a certain culture perceives to be considered acceptable or unacceptable, right or wrong. Jack Donnelly, a teacher at the University of Denver, he states, when internal and external judgments of a practice divergeRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible Nowadays, in today’s society, survival is considered the basic instinct of all humans. Commonly defined as the state of â€Å"continuing to live or exist, in spite of an accident, ordeal or difficult circumstance,†(Dictionary) survival teaches us the will to succeed and face adversity despite the challenges and obstacles we may encounter along the way. In Barbara Kingsolver’s novel â€Å" The Poisonwood Bible,† there is a central theme of survival. Whether it includes finding suppliesRead MoreComparing Poisonwood Bible And Taming Of The Shrew1443 Words   |  6 PagesVictoria Bourikas Mrs. Waldorf Women in Literature 16 January 2014 Male and Female Characters in Poisonwood Bible and Taming of the Shrew The Poisonwood Bible and Taming of the Shrew are two works of literature that . The Poisonwood Bible, written by Barbara Kingsolver, is a story about the Price family’s journey deep into the heart of the Congo on a mission to save the unenlightened souls of Africa. Nathan Price, the Baptist minister responsible for moving his family, lives solely by his own rigid andRead MoreAnalysis of Book Titles in the Poisonwood Bible Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesBook Titles Genesis Just like the first book in the Bible, the first book of The Poisonwood Bible is named Genesis. As well as the beginning, Genesis can also mean rebirth. When characters arrive in the Congo they realize the things they brought with them are changed by Africa and can no longer be as they once were. In this way, Genesis symbolizes the process of becoming their new selves. For instance, the first chapter in The Poisonwood Bible, narrated by Orleanna, strongly shows the guilt thatRead MoreChristian Missionaries Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular have struggled in their efforts to convert indigenous people. Simply bringing the Word of God, as Nathan Price does in The Poisonwood Bible, was and is not possible. With a conversion of faith comes an adoption of customs, morals, lifestyles, and even political views. Even though young Leah Price says that the Word of God weighed nothing, it was actually the heaviest burden the Price family carried with them on their journey. Every m issionary who has brought the Word of God to the CongoRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poisonwood Bible 1998 Historical Fiction Characteristics: Unique location, Primitivism, different ways of speaking and racial views Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver, born in 1955, grew up in Kentucky and lived in many different countries such as : England, France, and Canary Islands. She attended Debauw University and University of Arizona where she earned a biology degree. Kingsolver now is a beloved author of eleven books and has been named the most important author of the twentieth centuryRead MoreCompare And Contrast A Doll House And The Poisonwood Bible1604 Words   |  7 Pagesselfishness is revealed. Nora leaves him, recognizing their marriage as unequal. Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible is set thousands of miles away in the Congo compared to the northern European setting of A Doll House, where the Price family newly settles in as Christian missionaries, headed by husband and father, Nathan Price. The Poisonwood Bible follows four main characters, the Price girls, Rachel, Leah, Adah, and Ruth May. The family is driven apart by inner familial conflict, heightenedRead MorePoisonwood Bible Summer Reading Assignment2010 Words   |  9 PagesFax Victor AP English Literature and Composition Ms. Elder The Poisonwood Bible Summer Reading Assignment August 12, 2014 The Poisonwood Bible 1. Barbara Kingsolver explores a quest in her novel â€Å"The Poisonwood Bible†. The criteria of a quest consist of a quester, a destination, a purpose, challenges, and reasons for the quest. In this instance the quester is Orlenna Price whom demonstrate guilt consistently. Orlenna is going there to accompany her husband, who is seeking to convert othersRead MoreThe Power of Women1242 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a woman to men? Women are objects of possession to the inferiority of all men. The woman has always been the lower level of power between the two sexes, male and female. In the two books Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and in The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the power and voice of the women become inferior to the one of the men. The women in both books are able to overpower the men with their own voice, women not only carry the will to do so but are prominent to be as equal as

Role of Business Economic Development Free Essays

string(46) " Bangladesh is as follows:- GDP\(PPP\) \$259\." Chapter – 1 Introduction Page 1. 1 Background03 1. 2 Financial economic sector04 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Business Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Microfinance04 1. 4 Economy of Bangladesh05 1. 5 Objectives of the term paper06 Chapter- 2 Conceptual issues 2. 1 The Garment Industry of Bangladesh 06 2. 2 Agriculture07 2. 3 Textile Sector08 2. 4 Manufacturing and Industry09 2. 5 Banking and Finance10 2. 6 Statistical Position of Economy in Bangladesh 10 Chapter-3 Database 3. 1 Economic Transformation11 3. 2 Economic performance12 Chapter 4 Finding of The Study Page 4. 1 Garments Textiles 12 4. 2 Spinning 16 4. 3 Frozen Foods 18 . 4 Leather 19 4. 5 Electronics 20 4. 6 Agriculture 21 4. 7 Information Technology 24 4. 8 Pharmaceuticals 25 Chapter-5 Conclusion 5. 1 Summary of Major Findings 27 5. 2 Economic Performance 28 5. 3 Policy Recommendation 28 Chapter – 1 Introduction There is no denying the fact that the economical business sector plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The importance of an efficient economic sector lies in the fact that, it ensures domestic resources mobilization, genera tion of savings, and investments in productive sectors. In fact, it is the system by which a country’s most profitable and efficient projects are systematically and continuously directed to the most productive sources of future growth. The financial system not only transfers funds from savers to investors: it must be able to select projects which will yield the highest returns, accumulate sufficient quantities of capital to fund the range of investment projects across economic activities, account for price risks across assets, monitor performance, and enforce contracts. The larger the business sector in the context of the overall economy, the greater the share of lending by depository rather than central banks, and the greater the share of credit to private sector rather than public sector, the greater is the rate of economic growth. The country’s economy is based on agriculture. Rice, jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, and wheat are the major crops. Bangladesh is the world’s largest producer of jute. Fishing is also an important economic activity, and beef, dairy products, and poultry are also produced. . 1-Background Bangladesh, since its independence in 1971, had to experience several military rules besides democratically elected government associated with major political assassinations. Regardless of all the aroused disputes, the country constantly pushed to achieve economic, social and developmental success through introduction and implementation of different policies during the ruling period of different elected governments as well a s at the time when the country was declared to be under the emergency rule. Bangladesh, named in the list of the developing nations, is blessed with several natural advantages over developed countries. Examples of such are huge reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, timber and the only natural port of the world that connects SAARC and ASEAN business hub together. The utilization of such natural assets are closed to zero. Foreign donors are granting financial aids for reformation and infrastructure development of the country. Loans are being taken on heavy interest, by GOB, from World Bank and Asian Development Bank for developmental purposes. 1. -Financial economic sector The financial sector consists of the central bank, Bangladesh Bank, 4 state owned commercial banks, 5 government-owned specialized (development) banks, 30 domestic private commercial banks, 9 foreign-owned commercial banks, and 29 NBFIs. In terms of both industry assets and deposits, private commercial banks command the greatest market share. Additionally, 298 micro credit organizations are li censed by the Micro credit Regulatory Authority (MRA). Insurance companies, stock exchanges, and cooperative banks comprise a smaller part of the financial system. As of August 2008 the net domestic assets of the country’s banking system were valued at BDT 1. 9 trillion ($28 billion). 1. 3- Microfinance The average annual growth rate in the microfinance sector in Bangladesh over the five years 2003–2008 was 23 percent. It is expected to reach 25 percent annually over the next three years (2009–2012) as a result of growing demand for larger loan sizes. Despite its significant outreach—estimated at 60 percent of all Bangladeshi households—microfinance assets remain less than 2 percent of GDP, having increased only marginally relative to GDP since 2001. The total loan portfolio of the microfinance sector is estimated to exceed BDT 135 billion and total borrowers, to exceed 30 million. Although it is difficult to estimate the unique number of microfinance borrowers, taking into account their cross-indebtedness to different microfinance providers, they likely number 18 million. It is estimated that just over 60 percent of them have income below the poverty line. The Micro credit Regulatory Authority Act of 2006 limits two important potential MFI funding sources: equity investments and deposits. Foreign currency financing is also effectively prohibited. MFIs in general have access funding for most MFIs. These sources seem adequate to cover current funding needs. 1. 4- Economy of Bangladesh Bangladesh is an agriculture driven economy. Total of 54% of the population of the nation is directly and indirectly involved in farming and lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2011). Due to soil fertility and ample supply of water, having the blessing of thousands of rivers and its branches zigzagging nationwide. Bangladesh can harvest three crops every year. Apart from the fact that cyclones and floods damage crops every year, the production of crops meets substantial local consumption demand but are not grown sufficiently enough for export purposes. Where both men and women are engaged in generating foreign revenue and contributing to the GDP. The third sector which contributes greatly to the economy of the nation is the export of manpower which brings remittances by Bangladeshi workers working abroad, such as in Middle-East Singapore, Malaysia, etc. Due to cultural and religious norms, women previously stayed within the compound of their houses and were liable to take care of the house-hold activities, whereas men were regarded as the only earner and head of the family. CIA World Fact-Book, published in 2010, economy structure of Bangladesh is as follows:- GDP(PPP) $259. You read "Role of Business Economic Development" in category "Papers" 30 Billion GDP Growth 6. 00% GDP(Per Capita) $1,700 Public Debt / National Budget 39. 30% / $11. 43 Billion Inflation Rate 8. 10% Exports $16. 24 Billion Imports $21. 34 Billion External Debts $24. 6 Billion Table-1 Economics Of Bangladesh (Source: CIA World Factbook,2010) Released beat-up report of World Bank, in 2007, estimated Bangladesh of becoming a Middle income country. It has been suggested, to reach the goal, Bangladesh should emphasize to deepen its industrial base, integrate more into global markets and prioritize urban economic development. The country has large reserves of natural gas, petroleum deposits and low-grade coal. All these minerals are rare and demanding in the global market, specially for industrial and Energy-generation purposes. Cheap labor-force advantages make the local manufactured Products highly competitive in global markets through FDI, introduced and encouraged Firstly by the government formed in 1991. The major source of foreign earnings is being Transacted from garments and textiles export and remittances sent home by Bangladeshi workers living abroad. 1. 5-Objectives of the term paper The broad objective of the study is to examine the reforms that took place in Bangladesh and to explore the financial implications of the reforms. Followings are the specific objectives of the study:  · To review the economic sector reform programs;  · To compare the financial performance of the economic system in Bangladesh before and after implementation of the economic sector reforms;  · To identify different problem areas of the economic sector of Bangladesh, which still needed careful restructuring for better performance; and  · To suggest some policy measures for strengthening the restructuring mechanism. Chapter- 2 Conceptual issues 2. 1 The garment industry of Bangladesh The garment industry has played a pioneering role in the development of industrial sector of Bangladesh. Though it took a rather late start i. e. , in 1976 but it soon established its reputation in the world market within a short span of time. Resultantly garment is now one of the main export items of the country. Besides, enriching the country’s economy it has played a very important role in alleviating unemployment. At present there are more than two thousand one hundred garment factories in the country employing more than 12 lack labors. 85 percent of the labor force is women. . 2 Agriculture Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on pr oductive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap, but seasonal hunger remains a problem. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap, but seasonal hunger remains a problem. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. [pic] Map showing the growing areas of major agricultural products. Main article: Agriculture of Bangladesh 2. 3 Textile sector Bangladesh’s textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments along with specialized textile products, is the nation’s number onexport earner, accounting for 80% of Bangladesh’s exports of $15. 56 billion in 2009. Bangladesh is 2nd in world textile exports, and China which exported $120. 1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3. 5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh’s textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. [pic] The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating. As of 2011 wages remained low for the 3 million people employed in the industry, but labor unrest was increasing despite vigorous government action to enforce labor peace. Owners of textile firms and their political allies were a powerful political influence in Bangladesh. 2. 4 Manufacturing and industry Many new jobs – mostly for women – have been created by the country’s dynamic private ready-made garment industry. Eastern Bengal was known for its fine muslin and silk fabric before the British period. The dyes, yarn, and cloth were the envy of much of the pre-modern world. Bengali muslin, silk, and brocade were worn by the aristocracy of Asia and Europe. The introduction of machine-made textiles from England in the late eighteenth century spelled doom for the costly and time-consuming hand loom process. Cotton growing died out in East Bengal, and the textile industry became dependent on imported yarn. Those who had earned their living in the textile industry were forced to rely more completely on farming. Only the smallest vestiges of a once-thriving cottage industry survived. 2. 5 Banking Finance The banking system dominates the financial sector accounting for about 97% of the market in terms of assets. * Government has undertaken major reform initiatives to improve the regulatory and legal environments for banks. * Several specialist development financial institutions have been providing long-term debt, equity financing and leasing. [pic] 2. 6- Statistical Position of Economy i n Bangladesh |The Economy in 2009-2010 | |Currency | Taka (Tk. | |GDP at current price | Tk. 6,149,432 million | |Annual per Capita GDP | Tk. 42,638 | |GDP growth rate at constant price | 5. 88 percent | |Industrial growth rate at constant price | 8. 05 percent | |Inflation rate | 5. 4 percent | |Investment rate | 25. 6 percent of GDP | |National savings rate | 30 percent of GDP | |Exports (US$) | US$ 12,816. 11 million | |Foreign Reserve | US$ 6,562. 0 million (up to May 2008-2009 financial year) | | | |Import and Export | |Principal Industries |Jute, tea, textiles, garments, paper, newsprint, fertilizer, leather and | | |leather gods, sugar, cement, fish processing, pharmaceuticals, chemical | | |industries, etc. |Traditional Export Items |Raw jute, jute manufactures (hessian sacking, carpet backing, carpets), jute | | |products, tea, leather, leather products etc. | |Non-traditional Export Items |Garments, frozen shrimps, other fish products, newsprint, paper, naphtha, | | |fu rnace oil, urea, ceramic products, light engineering items etc. |Principal Imports |Wheat, oil, seeds, crude petroleum, raw cotton, edible oil, petroleum products,| | |fertilizer, cement, staple fibers, Raw Cotton, iron steel, capital goods, | | |pharmaceuticals raw materials etc. | Chapter-3 Database 3. 1- Economic Transformation The Bangladeshi economy has shown great resilience in the face of the recent global economic crisis and recession and has continued to grow at a healthy rate. Since 1996, the economy has grown 5% – 6% per year. Political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms have not slowed down growth. Economists agree that the country has the potential to achieve a higher growth rate if these roadblocks are adequately addressed. More than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, but nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector. The share of agriculture in the labor force is 45%, in industry 30% and in services 25%. The share of the service sector in GDP is 52. 6% while industry’s share is 28. % and agriculture’s 18. 7%. In 2009, garment exports, totaling $12. 3 billion and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis totaling $9. 7 billion accounted for almost 25% of GDP. The country was not completely immune from the global economic downturn; the principal adverse effect of the recession was a reduction in export revenue in 2009. It came on the back of a very high growth of 23% in 2008. However, overall exports declined by only 2. 0%. Despite recent high growth rates, socioeconomic development is still not favorable for the majority of the population. 3. -Economic performance Bangladeshis have access to a water point. However, due to the discovery of arsenic in the ground water, only 76% of these can now be considered safe. In 2006, the Joint Monitoring Program by WHO and UNICEF reported that 51% of urban areas had improved sanitation facilities and only 7% of urban areas had sewerage connection. In addition, only 32% of the rural population was using improved sanitation in 2006. Female economic activity accounts for 52. 7% of the economy, but females earn less than half the income of their male counterparts. The number of poor women is higher than their male counterparts and the extremely poor is largely women, while there is a higher proportion of a female-headed household than male-headed ones among the ultra-poor. However, the country has made significant progress in achieving gender parity in primary and secondary education. Rural areas still lack basic health care facilities and educational institutions. The number of health care facilities in rural areas has not grown as quickly as the number of education institutions, thanks to the NGOs working in the education sector. Child underweight rates have hovered at about 46% since 2000. The total number of undernourished people in Bangladesh is approximately 41 million. Overall, according to the 2010 data, the HDI for Bangladesh was 0. 469 with a rank of 129 out of 168 countries. The 2005 data shows that the Gini index is 31. 0. |Economic indicators | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |2010 | | | GDP | $ mm | 68415. 4 | 79554. 4 | 89359. 8 |100357. 0 | | | GDP growth | % | 6. | 6. 2 | 5. 7 |6. 1 | | | Inflation (CPI) | % | 9. 1 | 8. 9 | 5. 4 |8. 1 | | | Unemployment | % | – | – | – |- | | | Foreign direct | % of GDP | 1. 0 | 1. 3 | 0. 8 |1. 0 | | |investment | | | | | | | | Export growth | % | 13. | 7. 0 | 0. 0 |0. 9 | | | Import growth | % | 16. 0 | -2. 1 | -2. 6 |0. 7 | | | Current account | $ mm | 856. 9 | 926. 2 | 3556. 1 |2502. 4 | | |bance | | | | | | | Chapter 4 Finding of The Study 4. 1 GARMENT AND TEXTILES : The garments and textiles industry sector is the biggest export earner sector of Bangladesh with value of over US$12. 347 billion of exports in 2008-2009. Our factories design and produce for the world’s leading brands and retailers, like: Reebok, GAP, Wal-Mart, Hudson Bay, Puma, etc. This rapidly growing sector of the Bangladeshi economy offers a unique competitive edge that supports profitable expansion into new strategic markets. |Year |No. of garment |Employment (in |Export of RMG |Total export of |% of RMG to total | | |factories million workers) |(in million US$)|Bangladesh (in million|export | | | | | |US$) | | |2005-06 |4,220 |2. 2 |7,900. 80 |10,526. 16 |75. 08 | |2006-07 |4,490 |2. 4 |9,211. 23 |12,177. 86 |75. 64 | |2007-08 |4,743 |2. 8 |10,699. 80 |14,110. 80 |75. 83 | |2008-09 |4,825 |3. 1 |12,347. 7 |15,565. 19 |79. 33 | Source:  Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Industry Background and Status The phenomenal growth in RMG was ex perienced in the last decade. In 1984-85, no of Garment factories was 800 RMG jointly with knitwear accounted for more than 70% of total investments in the manufacturing sector during the first half of the 1990’s. At present with about 4,000 factories and a workforce of two million, 80% of which are women, employing over 50% of the industrial workforce and having 75% of the total exports earning of the country. Exhibit 6. 1 shows the growth of RMG exports from Bangladesh since 1981-82. Main apparel items exported from Bangladesh (in million US$) |Year |Shirt |Trouser |Jacket |T-shirt |Sweater | |2005-06 |1,056. 69 |2,165. 25 |389. 52 |1,781. 51 |1,044. 01 | |2006-07 |943. 44 |2,201. 32 |1,005. 06 |2,208. 90 |1,248. 09 | |2007-08 |915. 6 |2,512. 74 |1,181. 52 |2,765. 56 |1,474. 09 | |2008-09 |1000. 16 |3,007. 29 |1,299. 74 |3,065. 86 |1,858. 2 | Source:  Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Industry Outlook Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) of the EU are the main factors behind acquainting Bangladesh RMG products to global market ensuring assured market access. Bangladesh is now a significant RMG supplier to North America and Europe. Due to phasing out of MFA, many are doubtful about Bangladesh’s ability to maintain the fast growth of the recent years in this sector but Bangladesh has taken a better position in the U. S. A market through competition. However, on a more positive note, Bangladesh is expected to maintain its tariff-free access to EU under the European GSP, since the GSP is not covered by the Uruguay Round Agreement. Recently, Canada has also provided tariff-free access of all the items from Bangladesh. Marketing network has been spread over the economies of the continents. End users could well recognize and differentiate the products confidently. Bangladesh RMG industry largely depends on the imported yarns and fabrics. Bangladesh produces only 10% of export-quality cloth used by the garments industry. The need for establishment of backward-linkage industry has become an immediate concern to the government and the exporters. There are enormous opportunities in setting up composite textiles industry combining textile, yarn and garments. Investment Opportunities and government support RMG and textile sectors have enormous investment opportunities. The government of Bangladesh has created a highly favorable policy framework for investment in these sectors offering investors the following choices: 1)    Establishment of new textile / RMG mill in the private sector. 2)  Ã‚   Joint ventures with the existing textile / RMG mill. )  Ã‚   Acquisition of public sector textile mills that are being privatized. 4)  Ã‚   Indirect investment through financial services and / or leasing. To meet up the local demands, backward linkage is a significant trading opportunity and is supported by a government backed incentive: 15% cash subsidy of the fabric cost to exporters sourcing fabrics local ly. * SPINNING : Value Addition to the Fibrous Substances Spinning is the first step in textile value chain that adds value to the fibrous substances by converting them into yarn or thread through the processes of drawing, twisting and winding (Exhibit 1). Characteristics of the yarn vary based on the materials used, fiber length and alignment, quantity of fiber used and degree of twist. The earliest spinning probably involved simply twisting the fibers in the hand. Later, the use of a stick to help twist the fiber was introduced. Drop spinning involves the use of a stick with a whorl or weight to stabilize the spinning of the stick (called a spindle). The spindle is spun, and hangs supported by the yarn as more fiber is introduced. This introduced fiber picks up the twist and becomes yarn. However, the development of spinning wheel allowed a continuous and faster yarn production. Spinning wheels are either foot or hand powered. Modern powered spinning, originally done by water or steam power but now done by electricity, is vastly faster than hand spinning. Materials that can be used to create yarn fall into three broad classes: plant, animal, and synthetic. 1)    Plant materials: cotton, flax (to produce linen), hemp, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, 2)    Animal materials: wool, goat (angora or Cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, camel, silk, 3)    Synthetic materials: polyester, nylon, rayon, acetate, Mylar†¦ 4)  Ã‚   Apart from the above, mineral materials like asbestos are also used, but not very often. Spinning Industry in Bangladesh Development of spinning industry in Bangladesh is closely associated with the development of Textile and Clothing (TC) sector as a whole. Power-driven modern textiles in Bengal were traced back to early twentieth century. Before 1947, modern textiles were only the composite textile mills having spin ning and weaving facilities. Later, activities like specialized textile weaving, knitting and hosiery and dyeing-printing-finishing were added. During 1947, there were about 11 composite textile mills in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) with 1. 1 million spindles and 2. 7 thousand looms. Spindles grew to 3. 2 million in 1956 but declined to 0. 8 million in 1972 as worn-out obsolete spindles went out of operation. In 1972, large-scale manufacturing units including textile mills were nationalized. After 1982, state-owned spinning mills were gradually denationalized. By 1999, spindles installed were 2. 8 million (2. 4 million in the private sector and 0. 4 million in the public sector) with an annual production capacity of 200 million kg. BOI sector Survey found that in 2004, about 3. 44 million spindles are producing 382 million kg of yarn for the textile industry (Exhibit 2). [pic] Challenges of and Supports to the Spinners The success of a robust textile sector largely depends upon an improved and reliable spinning sub-sector. If spinning sub-sector produces substandard / inferior yarn, its adverse effect persists right across the entire value chain. Availability of raw materials, transportation, port facilities and tariff rationalization are the key challenges to the spinners. The Government has been supporting the spinners providing lower tariff for machinery spares and raw materials, cash incentives, reduced tax rate, and low-cost funding etc. Investment Outlook Textile Clothing is the largest manufacturing sector of Bangladesh providing over 4 million jobs, accounting for 5% of GDP, 40% of manufacturing value addition and 75% of total foreign exchange earnings. The growing demands for yarn in the local market, comparatively low cost of doing business, lucrative incentive package, favorable investment policy regime etc are the main reasons for investment in this sustainable sector. Spinning could be chosen. 4. 3 FROZEN FOODS The frozen foods export is the second largest export sector of the country. After some initial difficulties in terms of quality achievement, exporters have earned credibility and trustworthiness in the global market. Assurance of reliable and continued product quality is a major challenge in this sector. Technology orientation, marketing perceptions, and quality improvement aspects invite foreign investment in this sector. The current challenges of international trading are largely dictated by price, quality, time and service. Industry Situation Exporters have earned credibility and trustworthiness in the global market and are committed to maintaining a competitive advantage in product quality. Continuing investment in technology, marketing and quality remain at the forefront of the industries’ strategy to meet the challenges of international trade in price, quality, time and service. Industry Outlook Frozen food sub-sector has credible opportunities in Middle East, EU and North American countries and Far Eastern countries. In 2004-05, total fish production was 2. 216 million metric tons of which 8. 2 metric . tons were shrimp. At present, there are 868 fish hatcheries and farm of which 218,000 hectors of shrimp farm. This export-oriented industry includes the following sub-sectors, which need proper attention for augmentation of production, attain international standard quality and export earnings. 1)  Ã‚   Hatcheries,   Sustainable aqua-culture technology. 2)  Ã‚   Feed-meals plants, Process ing unit for value-added products. 3)  Ã‚   Investment in frozen food sector with new technology and equipment has a vast potential for growth. * LEATHER Industry Situation Bangladesh leather industry is dominated substantially by the domestic investment which is mostly export-oriented. The leather includes some ready-made garments, although that aspect is continued mainly to a small export-trade in â€Å"Italian-make† garments for the US market. Footwear is more important in terms of value addition. This is the fast growing sector for leather products. Presently Bangladesh produces between 2 and 3 percent of the world’s leather market. Most of the livestock base for this production is domestic which is estimated as comprising 1. 8 percent of the world’s cattle stock and 3. percent of the goat stock. The hides andskins (average annual output is 150 million sq. ft. ) have a good international reputation. Foreign direct investment in this sector along with the production of tanning chemicals appears to be highly rewarding. Having the basic raw materials for leather goods as well as for the production of leather shoe, a large pool of l ow cost but trainable labor force together with tariff concession facility to major importing countries under GSP coverage, Bangladesh can be a potential off shore location for leather and leather products manufacturing with low cost but high quality. In 2004-05 total export of leather goods was 220. 93 million US$ on the other hand it is 257. 27 million US$ during 2005-06 FY. Industry Outlook Provision of newly announced infrastructural facilities through establishment of an integrated Leather Park and simultaneously, growth in the global demand, opportunities for investing in and setting up export-oriented leather industry in Bangladesh is definitely attractive. Foreign investors are welcome to capitalize on this opportunity. 4. 5 ELECTRONICS Industry Background The electronics industry in Bangladesh mostly produces consumer items. Home appliances like television, radio, VCD and CD players, refrigerator, air conditioners, oven, electronic fan, blenders etc. are being assembled to a large extent. To ensure the performance reliability, the key challenges in this sector are technical assistance and proper technology orientation of the industry. Developing the significant capacity and skill in assembly and manufacture of a wide range of electronic components and parts is curacies. As yet, Bangladesh does not have any telecommunication equipment industry in the private sector. However, an urgent need for diversification and modernization is felt among the existing entrepreneurs, government and professionals. Government is keen to provide and ensure enabling assistance to the development of this sector. Industry Outlook and Opportunities Skilled, easily trainable and low-cost human resources are the main cost advantage of setting up electronic industry in Bangladesh. Growing domestic demand and international market access are some key attractive issues to the investors. In the economies like Malaysia, Singapore, Korea and Thailand, electronics contribute a major portion in the GDP. They are encouraging electronic industry to shift from low-end assembly operations with high import content of inputs to upstream higher- value-added activities. In this context, relocation, outward investment and joint venture with Bangladeshi companies could be gainful strategies. To capitalize on the comparative advantages, substantial foreign investment from those countries is highly encouraged. * AGRICULTURE Sector Highlights Bangladesh has a tropical climate, a lot of fresh water, indeed a land interspersed with numerous rivers, fertile soil and possibility to cultivate crops round the year. So it is unique to supply raw materials for the agro-based industry. The abundance of natural resources available in Bangladesh supports a range of highly profitable investment opportunities in agribusiness. Over 90 varieties of vegetable are grown in Bangladesh, yet in this fertile land there is underutilization of the country’s agricultural capacity. This presents many opportunities for investors seeking to export agricultural products, or to meet the rapidly growing local demand. Thriving in this sector are  canned juices,  fruits, vegetables,  dairy and poultry. The country offers: 1)  Ã‚   Huge supply of raw materials exists for the agribusiness industry. 2)  Ã‚   A tropical climate for all year growing, a lot of fresh water, indeed a land interspersed with numerous rivers, available land with fertile soil. 3)  Ã‚   Government and NGOs have been conducting regular training programs to develop skilled manpower for agro-based industry. 4)  Ã‚   Wide range of biodiversity exists for different crops. 5)  Ã‚   Agricultural commodities have a comparatively higher value added than non-agricultural commodities. Investment opportunities There is a wide variety of investment opportunities including: *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cold storage facilities serving the supply chain, especially fresh produce for export. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fresh produce production for local and export markets. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production of fertilizers and cultivation of seeds. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eco-friendly jute production, supported by jute technology development institutes. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shrimp farming, Halal  foods, Milk and dairy products. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   High value-added foods for export, including herbs, spices, nuts and pulses. Industry Incentives The government encourages development of the agricultural sector through measures to increase crop sector productivity and production of non-crop agriculture. To achieve this, the government provides increased credit, and facilitates greater access to inputs and modern technology. Sector Background Being an agrarian economy, agriculture has dominated in the economy for years. It has fulfilled the preconditions of access to input and raw materials in setting up successful agro-based industries. Alluvial soil, a year-round frost-free environment, adequate water supply and abundance of cheap labor are available in Bangladesh. Increased cultivation of vegetables, spices and tropical fruits now grown in Bangladesh could supply raw materials to local agro-processing industries for both domestic and export markets. In 2005-06, Export of agricultural products accounted for about 1% of total export amounting US$ 76. 24 million. Industry Outlook To avail the competitive and comparative advantages, Bangladesh invites progressive agricultural-practices, improved marketing technique and modern processing facilities. The government emphasizes development of the agricultural sector through appropriate measures to increase crop sector productivity and production of non-crop agriculture by providing increased credit, and facilitating greater access to inputs and modern technology. Investment interests in setting up agro-based industries in Bangladesh are highly encouraged. To promote agro-based industries and attract investment in this sector, Board of Investment organized Agri-Invest 2003 Bangladesh in December 2003. This first ever exposition created huge interest among the foreign and local investors. 4. 7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Sector Highlights 1) To investigate the IT industry robustly, deregulation of the telephone has been decided and executed by mid-2003. 2) The extensive growth of mobile telephony resulted in significant opportunities. 3) The industry is at its introductory stage and has opportunity of capitalizing the potential. 4) Bangladesh has a well-educated, skilled, dedicated and growing IT workforce. 5) There is a fast growing domestic market and export demand. ) Strong research assistance from the universities and research institutions are available. Industry Background Compared to the neighboring India, Pakistan and other South and South East Asian nations, Bangladesh is lagging behind in IT Sector. But it is true that the sector has vast potentiality to develop. Availability of substantial number of qualified and experienced young people in various branches of engineering, sci ence and technologies have opened up the scope of profitable investment in these sectors. Existing investment in IT sector is mainly small-scale and domestic in nature. Collaboration in the IT sector is mainly based on licensing agreements and representation. A growing number of computer training schools and institutes are being opened. Management of most of the IT firms is professionally strengthened with the Bangladeshis who have studied and worked in both North America and Europe, and returned home. The annual market size for IT including computer hardware, peripherals and software was estimated to be worth approximately US$ 20 million. The market is fast growing at an annual rate of about 25%. The country has over 400,000 PCs Submarine Cable Bangladesh has joined the consortium of SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable, which starts its commercial activities from 21st may, 2006. This will especially help prosperous data entry and software sectors. The landing station of this cable is situated at Jhelong in Cox’s bazaar. There are 14 countries of this consortium the countries are Singapore, Thailand, UAE, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, KSA, Egypt, Tunisia, Italy, Algeria and France. It has connected 16 telecommunication organizations of 14 countries. With the direct help from submarine cable Bangladesh can earn more foreign currency by increasing international voice circuit (e. g. submarine cable will give support to establish 100,000 voice circuits. Voice and data communication will be faster. Consortium has created capacity pool, which we can sell also can manage IRV. Broad band service, data transmission, call centre, software export will be cheaper. Unemployed youths can easily engage themselves in those services by taking short term training. Bangladesh has right to land 15 landing station without charge. It will help smoother operation of E-commerce, E-governance, E-education, Telemedicine etc. So, there are huge chances of development of ICT sector and finally government will be financially benefited. 4. 8 PHERMACEUTICALS 1)   Pharmaceutical products have huge demand both in local and overseas market. 2)   There are huge demand-supply gap in pharmaceutical products. 3) Bangladesh offers a good number of qualified, skilled pharmacists, bio-chemists, micro-biologists, and chemists for pharmaceutical industries. )   Government offers support for importing raw materials for production. 5) Present Government has taken initiatives to modernize, expand and attract foreign investment in pharmaceutical industries, and for this adopted national medicine policy (revised) 2005, which will help to adapt with the changing world under WTO/TRIPS. [pic] Outlook Considering the overall demand, pharmaceuticals is one of the emerging sectors in Bangladesh. Government offers different incentives for importing raw materials pharmaceutical industries. This particular sector has huge potential of growth in the future. For sustainable return, pharmaceutical sector could be a rational choice. Chapter-5 Conclusion 5. 1 Summary of Major Findings The economic sector has tremendous impact on socio-economic structure of the country. It also brings economic prosperity for the any country. We believe that there must be a saturation point for any industry. But for our economic sector, still we are away from it. The economy is likely to grow at a similar pace as experienced over the last ten years — of around 6. 2 percent — in fiscal 2009-10, despite the continued global economic slowdown, Bangladesh Bank said . Most indicators in the first quarter of fiscal 2009-10 point to a more moderate level of economic expansion,† the BB said in its latest quarterly review. The BB projection means that the growth is likely to fall short of the government’s original target of 7. 2 percent GDP growth for the current fiscal year. â€Å"Bangladesh Bank will produce forecasts for economic growth on a regular basis, in line with the common practice in other central banks across the world â€Å"The significant remittance growth is likely to have positive consequences for both domestic consumption and investment . The third development centres around the healthy growth in private sector credit, which during the first quarter this year grew by 19. 9 percent against a target of 18. 4 percent. This suggests that the credit envelope will â€Å"not be a constraint towards achieving the overall economic growth targets†. Gross domestic agricultural production is expected to be 2. 2 percent higher than that of the previous year, of 65. 6 million tones, on the back of government incentives and higher agricultural credit disbursement. The industrial sector is projected to grow between 7. percent and 7. 75 percent in fiscal 2009-10, down from the 9. 47 percent seen last fiscal year, but in line with the average industry sector growth rate over the last ten years Economic growth was also steady in the outgoing year despite some clouds over export earning. The GDP (gross domestic product) growth was 6. 32 percent in FY 2009-10, which was marginally lower than the 6. 71 percent of the previous FY 200 8-09, but higher than many other neighboring countries. The GDP for the current FY 2010-11 has been targeted at 7. 2 percent. 5. 2 Economic Performance A steady average annual GDP growth of 5% over the last decade. * Inflation has been kept in single-digit. * Exports have been gradually shifted from traditional goods to more value added items. * Emphasis has been put on manufacturing of backward linkage of Readymade Garments, Pharmaceuticals Industries and IT sector. * The private sector is playing an increasingly active role in the economic life of the country, while the public sector concentrates more on the physical, social infrastructure and policy making. 5. 3 Policy Recommendation The restructuring measures taken so far are definitely not sufficient considering the gravity of the situation. Based on the above discussion the following steps may need to be taken as reform or restructuring measures to speed up the progress  · The problem of excess liquid asset of the banks should be handled with due attention. In order to utilize the excess liquidity  · A number of measures were taken to strengthen the legal framework. However, in order to attain the benefit of improved legal framework, enforcement of legislations should be ensured. Legal procedures should be uncomplicated and disposal of case should be speedier.  · Government interference, political involvement, pressure from the trade unions has to be reduced for the smooth function.  · For developing the asset utilization ratio, portfolio of asset structure should be rearranged by removing the non-earning assets or transforming the non-earning assets into earning one.  · Technological up-gradation of the banking system is needed equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure and logistics. Lastly, the problem of Bangladesh financial system is widespread and not related to banking system only. Therefore the scope of the reform measures should also be applied to the non-bank financial institutions. Reference list * Released beat-up report of World Bank, in 2007, estimated Bangladesh. * Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) * Bangladesh Export statistics 2009-10, Dhaka, Bangladesh. * A report of Garments published in the magazin e, April 2008. * Economic Review – 2010 * Review of Bangladesh Development – 2009 * A report of economics published in the magazine, April 2011 How to cite Role of Business Economic Development, Papers

Women and Political Life

Introduction Historically, women have been on the wrong side with fewer political and legal rights as compared to men. Even in career opportunities, women have failed to secure high positions due to male dominance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Political Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is as if these women still live in the colonial world. However, as compared to the colonial woman, today’s woman has achieved significantly rights that they never had or participated. Traditionally, the society viewed women as people with low intellectual power and weak to perform muscular tasks. They therefore subjected them to motherhood and wifehood. Nonetheless, the dawn of the 20th century saw women assume some roles that men described superior to women. In fact, during the colonial times, women could note even vote to elect a leader. Voting was a prerogative of men. Some nations prohibited women from schooling and instead, assigned them household cores. Since the dawn of the 20th century, women in some nations gained their right to vote, started attending schools and colleges to get education and some even acquired big jobs including political seats. This did not happen just by chance. Women had to fight in order to gain such rights. It was not easy to change a society deeply rooted in traditionalism and traditions that segregated women to accept ‘feminization’. In order to gain political and legal rights, women had to convince the society to reevaluate its traditional views on women. The current society not only views women as a creative foundation of human life, but also, equal with men. In the past, the society considered women intellectually inferior compared to male. In addition, the society that mainly constituted male dominance considered women as the spring of evil and enticement. For instance, in the ancient Greek mythology, a female by the name Pandora, opened the forbidden box and from there came despondency and plagues that continues to invade human beings even up to today. On the other hand, in the Roman world, the society enacted laws that portrayed men as children, perpetually lesser to men. Surprisingly, even the then theological teachings condemned women as a spring of all evil and wickedness (DinKin, 1995, pp. 1-12). For example, St. Jerome who served Christian Church as a Father in the fourth century wrote that women were like the gateway of the fiend, the conduit of impiety, serpent’s sting, and overall, a dangerous object. Other theologians also had their own way of describing women. Thomas Aquinas in one of his theological sermons said that God created women to act as assistants to men, and that their main role was to conceive.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He went further to say that if men need ed assistance, only other men will assist them. In Asia and particularly in the Middle East, the society was fair towards women. In countries like India, women had the right to own property and exercise other freedoms. However, after 500 BC, Hinduism evolved and set out new dimensions regarding women. According to Hinduism, women had to respect men and always be obedient towards men. In addition, the religion prohibited women from walking in front of men. Moreover, the religion disallowed women from owning property and prohibited widows from remarrying. In general, the society valued a male child more than a female child. The paper examines the roles of women during colonial times. Further, the paper will examine how the roles of a colonial woman have changed to fit the modern environment. In the past, women participated in roles different from the contemporary. The paper will analyze the past and present roles of women and as to whether these roles befit women. Even with the change d roles, women still face enormous challenges. Yes, it is true there are opportunities for women all over the world, but the society continues to delegate minor responsibilities to women. History has shown that if societies grant women personal and intellectual freedoms, women can achieve great things. For example, history portrays women as hardworking when it comes to political and legal matters aimed at changing the society that all of us live in. in the Middle Ages, women who participated in church activities as nuns, performed imperative roles that later shaped religion in Europe. The aristocratic women performed vital societal roles emanating from the reputation and authority they had. From one era to another, women rulers influenced generations towards achieving success. For example, women rulers like Queen Elizabeth who ruled England in the 16th century remains an icon even up to today. On the other hand, the political lives of Catherine the Great of Russia and Victoria of En gland remain great inspiration to women around the world who aspire to be political leaders (Elaine, 2005, pp. 13-41). Role of Colonial Women in Political Life During the colonial period, women had few roles to participate. This is because the society did not value women much and instead, it delegated household responsibilities to women. These and many other legal injunctions ensured women never participated politics and other public sphere cores. However, during American Revolution, perceptions about women started changing slowly. Women had to fight to have a say in political life and other freedoms. In United States, men dominated the public space of both politics and occupation. Thus, women had to fight in order to join their male counterparts in political life. They instigated liberation fronts to demand the denied freedoms. Little they know that the struggle had to take more time than expected. Nevertheless, they never got discouraged easily but instead, increased their determi nation and strength to achieve the denied freedoms.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Political Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although they did not achieve all of their rights, women assumed new responsibility termed â€Å"Republican Motherhood† that improved their accessibility towards educational prospects and gave them a chance to take part in public roles. Ironically, women did not achieve full lawful egalitarianism and voting citizenship (Compton New Media Incorporation, 1995, p.1). In America, there were three types of women with different roles. These included African, Native Indians and Europeans. These women had specific roles that they performed within their societies. In most cases, these roles were traditional in nature. For example, preparing meals was the role of women. Women also wove clothes, took care of children and taught them how to be good citizens. When colon ial masters entered America, they got appalled with the way women performed these household chores. They especially goy mesmerized with the manner in which women stayed around homesteads raising children, doing artistry works, cultivating farms. Men engaged themselves in hunting, building houses and doing fishing. Consequently, the colonies established commercial companies and employed men to work for them. However, with time, the colonial masters wanted to instigate permanency in their mining and tobacco firms. Therefore, they decided to employ women. The roles of women did not change because they got involved in farming for the colonial masters. Life was not easy for them in colonial farms. In fact, some of them even died of diseases, while the few who survived got married to rich men (Brown, 1996, pp.70-82). Women never participated in politics but helped men in making political rights. The fact that women never voted is a surety that women were mere creatures in political decisi on-making. In fact, the society required women to get married before they reach 25. Any woman who was not married above this age became a social misfit. Surprisingly, as soon as they got married, the laws considered them dead. It is this particular law that prohibited them from participating in politics and instead delegated them household chores. Moreover, women had no control over family earnings, land or property acquisition and never appeared in legal courts to give evidence. These curtailments became obstacles for women to participate in politics. Thus, their political life was doomed and reduced to hearsay rather than actively participating in it (Kamensky, 1995, p. 41-43). Changed Roles Women have fought tirelessly to gain political status. For example, since 1920, American women participate in election through voting. Nevertheless, they still have long way to go as their political roles are quite minimal.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, up to today, no woman has served United States presidency. In United States, women serve in senate and governor posts. Until recently, Hillary Clinton, the wife of former President Bill Clinton, served as the senator of New York. She is currently the chief diplomat of United States serving as the Secretary of State in Obama Administration. In Africa, the president of Liberia is a woman while is Asia, the sitting president of Philippine is a woman. Today, most nations allow women to elect their leaders and women have the right to vie to vie for political seats. Thus, the contemporary woman has the role of electing leaders she wishes. Major constitutional amendments all over the world have awarded women parliamentary seats and in some governments, women get automatic percentage of seats to serve either in the public service or in politics. Today, women have the right to own and inherit property (Eileen, 2009, pp. 8-43). Historical versus Contemporary Roles of Women The hi storical women engaged themselves in household chores leaving prestigious roles to men. This is because the society considered women inferior to men in all spheres of life. For instance, in past, women could not participate in politics, practice medicine, preach or become lawyers leave alone appearing in court to give evidence. However, with long struggles coupled with civilization, women now enjoy varied positions in politics, medicine, teaching, writing, teaching and many more. It is important to note that the political gear termed â€Å"feminization† contributed greatly during the women movement in America and Europe. They instigated reforms that saw men change their attitudes towards women. In the colonial era, the societies disallowed women from schooling. As a result, many women did not know how to read and write. At a snail’s pace, major political reforms in many countries for example, United States saw acceptance of girl child education. In 18th century, women could acquire professional education but limited to medicine. The few medical schools present trained women on obstetrics only. However, a century later, women started training in other medical field like nursing. Research done in 1890 showed that about five percent of doctors in United States were women ninety years later, the percentage increased to 17 percent. (Compton New Media Incorporation, 1995, p.1) In the past, women could not even give evidence in court. However, this has changed where women can now take law as a profession, previously regarded as a man’s job. Statistics reveal that by 1989, there were as many as 22 percent women lawyers and judges. In addition, women serve in other professions like engineering previously dominated by men. However, there is still a challenge as women regard themselves inferior to men. That has seen many women take simple careers like teaching art subjects leaving science and engineering fields to men. Research shows that there are m any women working as elementary school teachers than other levels of learning like high schools, colleges and universities. The few who teach colleges and universities handle disciplines like home economics, sociology, art subjects and nursing. In other positions of work, women serve as less involving positions like secretarial, bookkeeping, typing and other service jobs that do not require much energy. During the Second World War, women had the opportunity to serve in the Army just like their male counterparts but as secretaries, nurses and typists. However, they contributed significantly in the war through resisting underground movements. In other countries like Israel, women are almost equal with men where both male and female recruited in the force participate in full combat training. Thus, it is clear women can perform chores initially preserved for men. Unlike in the past where women only performed household chores and farming, the contemporary woman can do diverse jobs includ ing working as a civil servant or serving people in politically. In United States alone, women constitute about 45 percent of working Americans. Unlike in the past, women are now assuming managerial positions ranging from managers to head of private and government institutions. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 saw women start earning the same salary like their male counterparts. Thus, women are now in a position to own property. With money, women can engage in active politics and compete with their male counterparts for political seats. Despite these major changes, the contemporary woman still participates in historical roles performed previously by the colonial women. For example, the contemporary society still believes that women should perform household tasks like washing, cleaning and cooking. It is quite hard to find a man involving himself in any of these tasks. Research indicates that majority of women perform household cores in addition to raising children. Nevertheless, some men a re now involving themselves in these activities especially in homes where both the husband and wife work as employees. Challenges facing women Poverty Poverty remains an issue affecting most households. In most cases, women from poor backgrounds lead a poor political life. Many of them do not participate in choosing their leaders. Poverty-stricken women are prone to human rights violation. Many of them do not have accessibility to basic needs and clean water. These are many other inadequacies violate women’s human rights. In some countries, women fail to secure employment due to sex discrimination. They end up leading a poor life. In some situations, women receive less pay as compared to men. Traditional practices that prevent women from inheriting property and land remain a major challenge to women ailing from uncivilized communities. If the society denies women right to education, those women will remain ignorant and live a wretched life. Institutions and Electoral Laws In many countries, institutional and electoral laws prevent men from participating fully in the political arena. These laws contain some element of exclusion that locks out women from exploiting their political ambitions. For example, in Europe, the uninominal voting system has prevented women from acquiring political seats as many view it as an acme of individualizing the process of competition. The system supports famous women who might be holding other constitutional offices hence making them double office holders. Such scenario becomes detrimental to the ordinary women, as it tends to maintain the political class through feminization. This feminization enters government level and showers it with oligarchic manners to continue developing self-replicating elites (Council of Europe, 2003, pp. 23-26). Opportunities for women Gender Equality Once imposed, gender equality will earmark a new era in the political lives of women, as they will favorably compete with their male counterparts m inus favoritism. For a long period, politics has been the preserve of men. However, women can use their numbers and trespass this perception. Gender equality break fundamentalism of any kind, discard male superiority and promote competition. In addition, countries that have successfully imposed gender equality have empowered women and instilled gender hierarchy in their system of governance. Parity Democracy This great opportunity will make women shine politically if fully adopted. Under parity democracy, both women and men represent a certain institution. Some researchers call it a mechanism of rethinking democracy even as people continue to deliberate on it. Parity democracy leads to social partnership between male and female hence forming a social contrast. Where there is democracy, women do not exist on paper, but they actively participate in politics to promote democratic edifice (Council of Europe, 2003, p. 23). Reference List Brown, M. (1996). Good Wives, Nasty Wenches Anxio us Patriarchs.   The University of North Carolina Press. Compton New Media Incorporation. (1995). Women’s History in America. Retrieved from http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm Council of Europe. (2003).The Participation of Young Women in Political Life. Strasbourg: European Youth Centre. DinKin, R. (1995). Before Equal Suffrage: Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial  Times to 1920. Westport: Greenwood Press. Eileen, M. (2009). The Motherless State: Women’s Political Leadership and American  Democracy. University of Chicago Press Elaine, C. (2005). Elite Women in English Political Life c.1754-1790. Oxford University Press. Kamensky, J. (1995).  The Colonial Mosaic 1600-1760.   Oxford: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Women and Political Life was written and submitted by user Sarahi T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.