Developing A Social Skills Plan For Michael - 983 Words

Developing a Social Skills Plan for Michael Michael is a five-year-old boy who has been diagnosed with hearing loss that has subsequently affected his speech development. Michael is without friends, and exhibits poor social skills for a child his age. His parents have come to me to develop a plan to help socialize him, so that he may attend public schools and avoid special education placement. The IDEA definition of deafness states that a hearing loss is severe enough, with the presence or absence of amplification devices, if it negatively affects the child’s academic progress and prevents language processing (Heward, 2013). Hearing loss by IDEA definition can be either permanent or irregular, affects academic performance, and if it does not fall under the IDEA definition of deafness as already described (Heward, 2013). Individualized strategies that are competency based for Michael would provide flexibility, allowing him to learn progressively and master academic content at his own pace, be tailored to his own specific personalized needs, and be an opportunity to utilize available technology, improve teacher-related skills more effectively, increasing efficacy, increasing productivity, and lead to better student outcomes (USA.gov, n.d.). Some of these specific teaching strategies could include to present class content in a visual format-using chalkboards, overhead projectors, handouts and PowerPoint slides, making instructional materials available in text form, creatingShow MoreRelatedBam 315 Principles of Management Unit 1 Examination1297 Words   |  6 PagesC store manager. D regional manager. 2 Establishing strategies for achieving organizational goals is a part of the ________ function. A coordinating. B organizing. C leading. D planning. 3 Katz proposed that managers need ________ skills. A human, empirical, and mechanical. B technical, human, and conceptual. C technical, human, and financial. D technical, interpersonal, and legal. 4 Which of the following changes has resulted in the shifting of organizational boundariesRead MoreLegal History And Reason For Placement1543 Words   |  7 PagesFebruary 1994, March 1997, and three reports in July 2002. In July 2002 Abner Bernadeau, Stephanie Guzman DeJesus, and Michael Guzman DeJesus were removed from their mother’s care after an Emergency Care and protection order was filed. It was reported that two year old Stephanie was found wandering the streets of Cambridge with a rope tied around her ankle and her two year old Michael was found at home tied to his crib. The three children were returned to their mother’s care a year and seven monthsRead MoreYouth Sports Help Children Develop Values, And Teach Children1092 Words   |  5 PagesI can accept failure; everyone fails at something. But I cannot accept not trying. - Michael Jordan. As said by Michael Jordan, everyone fails at something. No matter how good you are, you will not always succeed. Yout h sports help children develop values, and teach children resilience. Not only do they teach children values, but they teach children why it is important to be physically active. Youth sports teach children how to transfer values into the classroom and become a better student. HoweverRead MoreEvaluation Of A Functional Assessment And A Potential Behavior Support Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesMale School Year: 2015-2016 Age: 8 School: Oniondale Union Free School District Meeting Information Date: 8/29/2015 Participants: M. Parker, Guidance Counselor, B. Michael, Social worker, Parent, D. Shaw Principal, S. Roberts, Behavioral Consultant, Classroom Teachers; D. Chemnitz and C. Ragusa This meeting is being held to plan for the assessment of Isiah Hoyte. We will go over the target behaviors as reported by school staff and parent. We will go over records, data collection, the purposeRead MoreThe Problem With Maples Leaf Shoes Ltd1323 Words   |  6 PagesMaples Leaf Shoes Ltd. was that the company did not have an experienced, qualified, skilled and knowledgeable manager to deal with the company’s day to day human resource activities like union negotiation and recruitment. A human resource manager plans strategies and handles the short and long term challenges facing the company’s criticism about human rights law violation, increasing labor and production cost, Training and development of employees. Maple Leaf Shoes Ltd. should recruit a human resourcesRead MoreRunning Header: the Compare and Contrast of Andy Grove and Michael Dell1321 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast of Andy Grove and Michael Dell Contributions to the Field Andy Grove and Michael Dell made major contribution to the field of technology. Not speaking to product contributions, but the effective management tools, leadership, poise and strategic thinking are perhaps their most impressive contributions to the field. Andy Grove brought definition to the words â€Å"crises management,† and has forever changedRead MoreCommunity Training Case Study1217 Words   |  5 Pagesdisorder problems. Assist in developing school policies that deal with crime and suggest changes. Increase classroom presentation which will lead to more effective patrolling and significant reduction of in school crime. Create a safe learning environment for students and staff. Establish a positive relationship with the student. Trade-Offs Relationships will be built between SRO and youth. Violence and crime will be reduced. Gang activity will be eliminated Communication skills will increase betweenRead MoreRecommendation Letter : Brooks Brothers1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdressing many Americans with unique style and quality. Brooks Brothers is the oldest men s clothier in the United States and is main location on Madison Avenue in Manhattan, New York (Brooks Brothers Website, 2017). Brooks Brothers and the believe of social purpose is the imprint of a successful company. The historic retailer’s mission is to greatly improve the lives of its customers and the surrounding community harboring its stores. Brooks Brothers has been fitting and dressing very important VIP personalitiesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology Based Assessment758 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinctive areas before educators provide specific literacy inasmuch as learners. Therefore, an effective method instructors comprehending learners progress. Advantage concerning the Evaluation The Formative assessments eminently inclined prior to developing proficiency acquire knowledge along with providing feedback to variant. Additionally, facilitate instructor’s comprehend domain individual’s requisite guidance. There are divergent categories of formative assessment such as adaptive and massiveRead MoreThe Management Theory : Chris Argyris s Theory Of Achievement And Orientation Theory Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesintrinsically motivating work. Compensation needs to be competitive and adequate (which in many instances, it is not, this led to some MBA students been doubtful about Herzberg’s’ affirmation but once lower-order needs, such as psychological, safety, social needs are met, challenging and interesting work motivates employees. The message is that talented employees need to be retained and developed through challenging assignments and commensurate pay. iii) Merit Achievement: David McClelland, who altercated

Competency Goals Statement Ii Free Essays

Competency Goals Statement II Goal: To advance physical and intellectual competence. It is essential to the growth and development of every child to advance their physical and intellectual needs. There are numerous ways to encourage this type of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Competency Goals Statement Ii or any similar topic only for you Order Now I offer a variety of activities that promote the advancement of the physical and intellectual competence of the children in my care. Children are encouraged to participate in daily large motor activities to enhance physical development. I do this by being very enthusiastic and even joining in with the children at play. Outside we play tag, ball, hopscotch, and other made up games. Inside we play parachute, and beanbag toss. I also communicate with the children and their parents about the importance of being physically active. In class we have discussions, and I send newsletters home to parents with ideas for activities. Children in my classroom get plenty of time for large motor activities and know why they are important to their health. I help children develop cognitive skills by encouraging them to try things out. For example, when it snowed this winter the children placed snowballs in the freezer and discovered that they froze into solid ice. They thought that the snow would stay the same rather than freeze, and were surprised that the snow froze. We discussed what happened and why it may have happened. Cognitive skills are used daily in our classroom and the children have fun developing them. Creativity is in the materials and interest areas throughout our classroom. Children have access to art supplies to create their own artwork. Paints, markers, pencils, crayons, and paper are available for children all the time. Many types of music are sung and played during the day. Children can use instruments and scarves to move with the music. Many different kinds of clothing can be found in the dramatic play area. In my classroom I help children learn, understand, and use words to communicate. This is done by encouraging conversations throughout the classroom. I ask children about what they are during all the time. I also reminded them to use their words to express themselves when they are having a hard time communicating. Items are labeled around the room so that they can connect the words with the objects. I have a word wall in the writing center that contains new vocabulary every two weeks so that children are exposed to new words. The children in my classroom always have opportunities to develop their communication skills. In conclusion, it is essential to the growth and development of every child to advance their physical and intellectual needs. I do so many things in my daily schedule that promote Physical, Cognitive, Communication and Creativity. By the time my children in my classroom are ready to move up to the next room I am very confident that they are ready. Word Count: 466 How to cite Competency Goals Statement Ii, Essay examples

Zappos Swot free essay sample

Analysis of the Culture of Zappos. com Zappos. com is an online shoe store that was created in 1999 by a man named, Nick Swinmurn. Today it is a multi-billion dollar company thanks to its current CEO, Tony Hseih. One of the reasons Zappos. com has become such successful empire is because it got the economics and operations right. The management of Zappos. com is in my personal opinion, a necessity to a happy and thriving company. Their strategy is to find employees that are going to dedicate themselves to the environment and purpose of Zappos. com. They rely on passion, purpose, happiness, and emotional connection. If you don’t fit right into this, they even offer a $1,000 quit-that-day bonus. They strive on â€Å"weeding out† the employees that don’t extend their positive energy to the company. Zappos. com has a lot of different strengths, all of which play a part in their major success. We will write a custom essay sample on Zappos Swot or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are a company that focuses on company culture and hiring passionate employees. Which allows the company to run as Hseih designed it out to. Another strength that aids Zappos. com in success is their demand for effective communication. They also believe the importance and impact of feeling good, for both the employee and customer, is key. Tony Hsieh quickly discovered that becoming successful did not begin with the intention to make as much money as possible. He realized then that he should work towards making it a passion instead of an income. Passion and determination are contagious, he says. We believe in having a positive and optimistic (but realistic) attitude about everything we do, because we realize that this inspires others to have the same attitude. Which I believe is their biggest strength and most powerful. The weaknesses that affect Zappos. com are how the way their management affects their outside controls. Amazon just recently purchased Zappos. com for about $1 billion. One weakness they could experience is how Zappos. com’s fun and relaxed work ethic and environment collides with the way Amazon. com runs. Another weakness Zappos. com faces is the average salary a sales representative makes. Zappos. com main goal, and what most of its reputation is built upon, is customer service. To keep up with the high demand of customers seeking help and asking questions, Zappos has a large number of ustomer service representatives. Where this becomes a weakness is, Zappos. com pays their representative’s and average of $23,000 a year, three percent below the national average. This makes them vulnerable to other competitors. Zappos. com strategy is very unique in the fact that they focus on happiness. They want to make sure that not only the customers are satisfied, but their employ ees as well. They look for dedicated and passionate people to work hard and play hard. They a set of ten core values that the company lives by. They are deliver wow through service, embrace and drive change, create fun and a little weirdness, be adventurous, creative, and open-minded, pursue growth and learning, build open and honest relationships with communication, build a positive team and family spirit, do more with less, be passionate and determined, be humble. They use a strategy of making sure the employees are in good spirits and enjoy their work place. It reminds me of the saying, â€Å"happy wife, happy life. † If their workers are happy in their job then they will work harder for the company. This strategy puts Zappos. com at a definite advantage over other companies that, say, pay a higher salary. I know that I would rather work in a laid-back, fun and enjoyable environment over a bigger paycheck. If you’re miserable in your job it will leak into other parts of your life. The first recommendation I would provide Zappos. com is to cover more area. Instead of their main focus to online retail, they could open up Zappo storefronts to up their sales. Continuing their up-keep with social media is also a high recommendation for Zappos. com. They are a huge hit on Twitter, which allows their customers to see their every move and what exactly is going on with promotions and deals. They need to focus on their core values, especially the last of the ten, be humble. Earlier when there was a security breech in company, there were a lot of upset, confused, and concern customers. It takes a lot of patience to deal with that high volume of calls but if zappos. com sticks to the words they say they live by, they are going to continue to receive loyal customers who spread the word and their business. Works Cited Bailey, Jean. Happiness as a business strategy. Massage Therapy Journal Winter 2012: 25+. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Chafkin, M. (2009, May 1). The Zappos Way of Managing. Retrieved from ? http://www. inc. com/magazine/20090501/the-zappos-way-of-managing. html McDonald, Shelley. Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion and Purpose. American Economist 56. 1 (2011): 127+. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Reid, K, Carolina.. SHOULD BUSINESS EMBRACE SOCIAL NETWORKING?. EContent. 01 Jun. 2009: 34. eLibrary. Web. 22 Feb. 2013.

The Mysterious Stranger Essays - Hell, Abrahamic Mythology

The Mysterious Stranger In the Mark Twain story ?The Mysterious Stranger?, Satan teaches Theodor that the Moral Sense that humans possess is more of an impairment than a gift. The first time Satan degrades Man's Moral Sense is when he use the term to explain the difference between himself and Man (66). Theodor, who only had a ?dim idea of what the Moral Sense was? is upset at the way Satan speaks of it. Satan shows Theodor several examples of the cruel things Man does that no other animal on earth would do. Satan says that that although man was given the Moral Sense to differentiate right from wrong he usually makes the wrong decision(78). Satan also says that man is proud to have the Moral Sense when it is actually a ?shameful possession?(78). The examples of the poverty in the French Village(78-9), the man being tortured in the jail(78),and persecution of the witches are all used by Satan to teach Theodor the flaws of mankind and the Moral Sense. Theodor begins to understand why Satan looks down upon our race as silly and trivial when he sees all of the cruel things that man does to other men and animals. Satan defends even the animals of the earth by saying that even they are not ?tainted with the disease called the Moral Sense?(80) and therefore cannot do wrong because they don't have a choice like man does. He questions the boys as to why Hans Oppert's loyal dog should not be allowed into heaven and asks if their race ?can add anything to this dog's stock of morals and magnanimities.?(80) Satan thinks that the Moral Sense make humans a foolish race. Man's cruelty cannot be blamed on anyone but him because he knows right from wrong. Along with the Moral Sense, Satan also compares humans to sheep, and says that they are mostly followers and afraid to assert themselves because they want to stand well in their neighbor's eye. Satan emphasizes the witch hunt as a perfect example of man's shortcomings. He states that only a ?handful of pious lunatics? actually want to kill the people accused of practicing witchcraft, but people tend to follow those few that ?make the most noise.? Theodor realizes that he is guilty of following the minority after he throws the stone at the woman accused of witchcraft and is confronted by Satan(109) He didn't want to throw the stone but was afraid of being accused of sympathizing with the ?witch? and therefore be persecuted himself. Theodor also confesses to being a follower when he thinks about, but does not tell Marget to be careful with her actions when he knows people are becoming suspicious of her household. The Moral Sense and the idea of Man's tendency to follow the loud minority are taught to Theodor to be the flaws of mankind. Theodor learns from Satan's lessons when he considers that he is guilty of some of the things Satan has presented to him as being distinctly human. Book Reports

Cybercrime

Cybercrime Abstract With the progressive advances in technology, incidences of cybercrimes are also on the rise. Preventing these cybercrimes requires organizations to develop knowledge that can help them form psychological profiles of the perpetuators of these crimes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Cybercrime Pentagon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would subsequently help organizations install appropriate controls in order to effectively deal with cybercrimes. It is the lack of effective controls that accounts for most hacking incidences, as depicted by the case of Gary McKinnon who was able to gain unauthorized access to NASA and pentagon systems, deleting crucial data that grounded their operations. Introduction Cybercrimes are criminal activities that target computer and networks such as electronic hacking and denial of service. Cybercrimes have become increasingly rampant in today’s world, despit e many advances that have been made in improving security systems (Turkle, 2000). The trend that is observed nowadays is that of a global hacking culture, which is often highly collaborative compared to what is considered to be the previous subculture. Hackers are generally regarded as anti-social technophiles whose core motive is mischief and malice. It is estimated that worldwide, hacking activities amount to more than $10 billion each year, while damages arising from these activities are in excess of $100 billion annually (Wall, 2008). Incidents of cybercrimes have also increased with the exponential growth in internet access across the world.Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, technical skills related to computing have increased, resulting into emergence of skilled programmers, some of whom engage in the development of malicious software and unauthor ized intrusion into systems for various reasons. Just like other criminals, cybercriminals can be motivated by a number of reasons such as doing an espionage looking for military secrets, system vulnerabilities, and economic benefits or trying to reverse engineer their way into vital infrastructure (Wall, 2008). Other motivations may appear trivial, such as searching for passwords, system user identity, dates, and contacts, information that may often be used in unprecedented ways. Hacking may also take the form of hacktivism, an internet vigilantism that involves hacking systems to advance a political cause (Campbell Kennedy, 2009). Motivations for hacking Hacking for entertainment motives has been demonstrated particularly among young people. A great majority of hackers are also motivated by economic benefits, including embezzlement, corporate espionage and acting as agents for hire. The need to revenge is also a common motivator for cybercriminals. Some people vent their emotiona l anger by hacking into systems with the intent of damaging systems or causing a complete denial-of service attack. There also exist social motivations to cybercrimes, whereby a hacker may break into a system to show off their capabilities to their peers or to gain attention from authority. These socially motivated hackers claim to seek knowledge, discover new things, or be driven by the need to be the first ones to find a particular weakness in a system (Campbell Kennedy, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Cybercrime Pentagon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some hackers perceive that the cyberspace should be a level playground and advocate for free information. These hackers harbor sentiments against transnational organizations and governments in the cyberspace. Thus, they seek to make the cyberspace an unlimited and deregulated entity by breaking into systems and disclosing computer passwords. Po litically motivated cybercriminals, hacktivists, are people with political agendas who are oriented to extremist beliefs. These people resort to hacking systems to spread their propaganda or pass their messages, often severely disabling systems of those who are opposed to their beliefs. They can engage in cybercrimes to generate funds for their cause. Though it is the rarest motivator for cybercrimes, psychiatric and personality disorders have been recognized as the most dangerous cybercriminals. Some hackers have been shown to suffer from conditions such as schizophrenia, depression and mania conditions that make such hackers feel detached from the society (Campbell Kennedy, 2009). Hacking of the Pentagon by Gary McKinnon Gary McKinnon is perhaps one of the most popular hackers in the world, after confessing to unlawfully gaining access to computers at NASA and the Pentagon by capitalizing on security glitches in Microsoft’s operating system. McKinnon, an unemployed compute r systems administrator, hacked into computers belonging to private companies, NASA and the pentagon in 2001 and 2002.Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McKinnon boasted to have scanned a lot of military computers, and he was surprised at the ease with which he gained entry since many of the computers had auto passwords while others apparently had no passwords installed. McKinnon’s crime activities were identified as he attempted to download a picture he believed to be an alien spacecraft from NASA. This allegedly compromised the United States computer networks, causing computer damages and a loss of more than $800,000. Further, McKinnon left messages on the hacked computers, which made fun of the security systems and criticized the United States’ foreign policy (Fisher, 2007). While the United States perceived McKinnon’s cybercrime activities as terrorism related, his supporters argued that MacKinnon’s motivations for hacking are odd. Supporters of McKinnon were of the opinion that McKinnon was a lone eccentric whose interest was merely an obsession to obtain information about UFOs and the United Statesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ secrets concerning alternative forms of energy (Fisher, 2007). While confessing to his crime, Gary McKinnon said that he was mainly driven by his interest in UFOs, which dates back to his childhood years. His interest was to infringe on the security system of the pentagon and NASA to gain evidence of unidentified flying objects’ activity. McKinnon believed that the NASA and the Pentagon kept secret crucial information concerning free energy suppression and unidentified flying objects’ activity. Being jobless and bored, McKinnon spent a huge proportion of his time on the computer attempting to unravel his childhood interest concerning unidentified flying objects. It was in the process of pursuing his interest that he found his way into the United States networks and was taken back at the ease of access (The Telegraph, 2009). He realized that the networks lacked firewalls and most government employees had no passwords for their computers. It is alleged that McKin non gained administrator privileges on various NASA and Pentagon computers, after which he utilized that access to manipulate user accounts. This enabled him to control the systems remotely. Upon committing this crime, Gary McKinnon never made attempts to cover his tracks, but rather he readily confessed to have hacked into the system when he was traced. Unidentified flying objects are objects believed to originate from space or other planets. People are generally interested in these unidentified flying objects because they believe that they are the key to unraveling mysteries surrounding the universe, forms of life in other planets and their origin. Both the public and scientific community harbor interests about unidentified flying objects as they belief that these objects are controlled by some forces from space. To a majority of the public, unidentified flying objects do exist, and are best kept secret in the scientific community and the military (Ruppelt, 2011). Motivations of G ary McKinnon Gary McKinnon’s motivations seem to arise out of boredom and curiosity. At the time of committing his crime, McKinnon was not employed. Out of boredom, he decided to search for information about unidentified flying objects and alternative forms of energy. McKinnon believed that the United States had some information related to extraterrestrial life forms and technology. Therefore, he took his time to gain the evidence by hacking into computer networks. In targeting the NASA and Pentagon computers, McKinnon must have been inspired by film war-games he had watched as a child about a young man who accessed Pentagon secrets, almost triggering a war. According to McKinnon, the United States was keeping vital information regarding technology related to unidentified flying objects, anti-gravity and free energy, which it had obtained through reverse engineering and ought to release the information to help humanity as alternative sources of energy. McKinnon also says he h ad no malicious intent, except unraveling the secrets about unidentified flying objects and extraterrestrial life forms. McKinnon’s form of motivation can be said to be intrinsic since he reported to have experienced full engagement and he sought no reward (The Telegraph, 2009). McKinnon’s personality Cybercriminals are often thought to have narcissistic oriented traits as demonstrated by the comments they leave on the systems after breaking into them. Hackers often leave bragging comments or their names on the web pages, an attribute considered as intended to gain admiration from other hackers and informing the media (Wall, 2008). Gary McKinnon can also be said to have those narcissistic traits, considering the sarcastic nature of comments he left on the military website, his identity and promise to continue hacking into the system. As a child, McKinnon was described by his mother as having phobia for traveling and had obsession with natural bodies and planets. McKinn on was suffering from ‘Asperger’s Syndrome’. Asperger’s Syndrome is a form of autism that is very rare. Individuals with this syndrome are often very intelligent and have a great understanding of complex systems. Nevertheless, sufferers have problems in deciphering social cues and the consequences of their often obsessive behavior. It is suggested by McKinnon’s supporters that this syndrome may have been the reason for his cybercrime activities (The Telegraph, 2009). It can, therefore, be deduced that McKinnon’s criminal activity may in part have some psychiatric and personality dimensions. Identifying potential hackers Understanding an individual’s intention and motivation to hack into a system requires detailed knowledge of their background, psychology, personality characteristics, and social environments. A significant number of hackers have been shown to be motivated to break into systems by reasons beyond financial gains, such as fraud or theft. In addition, most hackers who intrude into systems claiming to be testing the security system often do not own personal systems. This, therefore, requires profiling of hackers to establish their motivations. Organizations can be able to prevent further cybercrimes by learning to identify personal characteristics of the hackers. Most hackers have characteristics that reflect their capabilities. Organizations can, therefore, utilize these psychological profiles to determine the type of firewall to be put in their systems (Campbell Kennedy, 2009). How Organization Should Defend against Hacking Cybercrimes continue to be very costly, and the costs are proportional to organizational size. These cybercrimes threaten technological developments and integrity of systems, and even human lives (West, 2009). The basic strategies towards reducing the risk of security breaches on computer and data networks as witnessed in McKinnon’s case include the use of an encryption sy stem, implementation of adequate controls on data storage and access, and creating backups of data off-sites. Establishing the motivation, psychological and personality traits of the hackers could be helpful in understanding the nature of the problem. This can help in development of appropriate strategies to reduce cybercrimes (Campbell Kennedy, 2009). Using encryption system Though passwords can help enhance the security of an organization’s computer networks, they are not sufficient in ensuring that privacy of the data is maintained. There is, therefore, need for organizations to use encryption systems particular for sensitive information. Encryption systems ensure that only individuals with the appropriate electronic key gain access to the stored information (West, 2009). Instituting controls on data storage and access It is suggested that approximately 90 per cent of security breaches in organizations arise from the failure to implement simple and easily installable cont rols (West, 2009). This was the scenario with the NASA and Pentagon systems when McKinnon hacked their system. McKinnon also reports to have found a lot of hackers from different countries, like China, Australia and Canada who had broken into the system (The Telegraph, 2009). This would not have happened had the Pentagon and NASA put in place adequate controls in their systems. Organizations, therefore, need to design and implement policies that are clear and auditable on their computer networks to protect them from being manipulated and misused by unauthorized users, be they insiders or outsiders. These controls can be firewalls or antivirus systems designed to control unauthorized access to an organization’s network or manipulation of data. Organizations must ensure that the antivirus software installed in their systems is reliable and updated, while the employees should be sufficiently trained to use the software. Placing a firewall in the system could be helpful in keepin g the hackers away from accessing the system. A firewall helps protect the system by blocking any communication from unauthorized sources. Firewalls also help prevent hackers from remotely logging into an organization’s system by blocking them from viewing or accessing files or manipulating the system’s programs. Organizations can prevent hacking by ensuring that their systems have functional network firewall, and any activities available are carefully monitored for potential security exposures (West, 2009). Creating back-ups Creating and retaining back-ups, preferably at a different location, could serve to reduce the extent of data damage in case of hacking. Back-ups help prevent large-scale data loss or manipulation following security breach (West, 2009). According to the allegations leveled against McKinnon by the United States, McKinnon deleted a lot of data, which crippled some military operations for almost two days. In the absence of backups, the operations of organizations may become grounded for a long time due to cybercrime activities, making them incur a lot of losses. Regular audit of security systems Organizations should perform a through audit of their computer systems and keep them updated in order to keep off the hackers. This is because hackers are always sharpening their skills and coming up with new ways of circumnavigating the security systems (West, 2009). It is recognized that hackers like McKinnon utilize system vulnerabilities as a result of organizations using old operating systems with known weaknesses. Conclusion Psychological profiling is a significant way of preventing cybercrimes. This is because it helps in understanding various aspects of the perpetrators of the crime such as personality and motivations. This could subsequently equip organizations with the capabilities to identify the threat and institute appropriate level of control in their system. McKinnon’s hacking event could have been prevented if Pen tagon and NASA had implemented appropriate system security measures. References Campbell, Q., Kennedy, D. M. (2009). ‘The psychology of computer criminals’, In Bosworth, et al. (Eds.), Computer security handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Fisher, P. (2007). Gary McKinnon. SC Magazine for IT Security Professionals. p. 38. Web. Ruppelt, E. D. (2011). The report on identified flying objects: The original 1956 edition. New York, NY: Cosimo Inc. The Telegraph. (2009). Gary McKinnon profile: Autistic hacker who started writing computer programs at 14. Web. Turkle, P. (2000). Hackers: Crime in the digital sublime. London: Routledge. Wall, D. S. (2008). Cybercrimes, media and insecurity: The shaping of public perceptions of cybercrime. International Review of Law Computers Technology, 22(1-2): 45-63. West, M. (2009). ‘Preventing system intrusions’, In J. R. Vacca (ed.) Computer and Information security handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

A Comparison of Happiness and Power in Paradise Lost by John Milton and A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen

A Comparison of Happiness and Power in Paradise Lost by John Milton and A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen Happiness is a luxury only the powerful can afford. In light of this view compare representations of happiness and power in Paradise Lost and A Doll’s House. (30 marks) In both Paradise Lost and A Doll’s House, to say only those in power truly experience the luxury of happiness would be a somewhat reductive statement. Arguably, there are grounds to argue that Eve, as an embodiment of the weak woman in a patriarchal society, never receives the empowerment she desires, despite all efforts to strive for independence, knowledge and subsequently, happiness. Adam does, however, forgive her towards the end of the poem and their love becomes stronger, perhaps signifying a version of a happy ending. The title of the poem in the first place, however, ‘Paradise Lost’ suggests a loss of complete happiness and fulfilment and due to their own actions, Adam and Eve’s Utopia and Paradise is altered and corrupted. Like Eve, in A Doll’s House, Ibsen’s Nora symbolises the patriarchal stereotype of a supressed woman. Nora openly proclaims that she was never truly happy under the restrictions of her role as a housewife and a moth er, but as she leaves her family in search of herself she arguably becomes empowered. Despite the lack of resolution at the end we, the reader are given the impression that Nora will find, at least a happier life than the one by Torvald’s side. On the other hand, to say Nora’s abandonment of her family makes her powerful could be disputed considering the patriarchal context the play was written in. Nora perhaps does find happiness by leaving her family, but from a patriarchal point of view, for a woman to leave her ‘duties’ as a wife and a mother is a woman abandoning her purpose which, arguably, renders her weak and disempowered. Patriarchal and masculine power is a central theme to both texts which arguably leads to misery, not happiness as the repression of women causes their wives to ‘stray’ in seek of independence. Both men at some point lose the women that they love even if temporarily, thanks to their pride and desperation to hold onto patriarchal power. Arguably, Torvald plays up to this stereotype as the strong heroic protector wishing that ‘sometimes [†¦] some terrible danger might threaten [Nora] so [he] could offer [his] life [his] blood, everything for [her] sake.’ Nick Worrall argued that ‘his security depends on feeling superior,’; and as Torvald indulges in this patriarchal concept of a male hero, this statement rings true, portraying the idea that for a man to feel powerful, they must lure thus power and ‘superior[ity]’ over their wives. It appears, however, that Torvald’s words are false and empty as when faced with the opportuni ty to save his wife by providing the ‘miracle of miracles,’ it seems, he is unable to trade in his pride for the happiness of his marriage. Instead, he declares, ‘no man can be expected to sacrifice his honour, even for the person he loves.’ Arguably, Ibsen intended to use Torvald to represent the gender inequality in the time he was writing, and the importance of patriarchal male pride placed even above the importance of family and marital love. Perhaps by having Nora leave, Ibsen was trying to say that placing too much importance on being the stereotypical masculine figure and neglecting female rights would only lead to unhappiness. Arguably, this is seen where Torvald’s male pride leads to Nora’s realisation that he is not able to provide for her (haven’t you been happy here? / No; never. I used to think I was. But I haven’t ever been happy’) and consequently his misery as she abandons him in search of her freedom. Likewise, following Eve’s transgression (‘she plucked, she ate, earth felt the wound’) Adam is initially unable to put aside his masculine pride for the happiness of their relationship, and so despite maintaining power he does not seem to be presented as happy. This is made apparent when Adam’s address of Eve changes from ‘sole Eve’ to ‘ingrateful Eve’ as he blames and reprimands her: ‘bad woman.’ Like Torvald, Adam is unable to look past Eve’s transgression, which causes him to be bitter rather than happy as arguably, he is driven by his sexism and desire for power, and not his love. Weathers was of the opinion ‘that bitter antifeminism [†¦] accompanies young masculinity,’ a statement which seems to describe not only Adam’s behaviour, reflected by his twisted pet names but Torvald’s too as he also mocks Nora’s femininity with insulting remarks: ‘thoughtless woman.â⠂¬â„¢ In both texts, the male characters use the noun ‘woman’ to reprimand and mock their wife’s gender, arguably, to make themselves feel powerful and therefore happy. This attitude of male superiority was common in both contexts, but particularly in the 1600’s evidenced in Milton’s divorce tracts: ‘who can be ignorant that woman was created for man and not man for woman.’ Arguably, Milton’s views are expressed clearly through Paradise Lost as Eve is supressed and put back in her place, ‘safe and seemliest by her husband’s side’ and we are given the impression that had she listened to her husband, the fall would never have taken place: â€Å"Would thou hadst heartened to my words (Adam).† We see however, that this power, like with Torvald, does not bring happiness but anger and resentment and it is not until Adam is able to forgive his wife, and let go of his pride that he is able to pass the ‘tr ial of exceeding love’ and better their relationship. We see then that for both male characters in these texts, their desire for patriarchal power does not provide them with the luxury of happiness but pushes their wives away and makes them bitter and resentful. For Torvald, he is unable to rectify his relationship and is left at the end of the play miserable, and disempowered, but for Adam, despite the fall and his subsequent disempowerment, his relationship with Eve is reconstructed and we, the reader, is left with the impression that they are happy. On the other hand, the patriarchal stereotype categorises women as weak, yet in both texts, the female characters empower themselves by striving for independence, knowledge and happiness. Towards the end of A Doll’s house especially, we are given the impression that Nora will find happiness as she realises that she has ‘another duty which is equally sacred, a duty towards [herself].’ Jakovlievic argued that ‘Ibsen presents the image of a happy household infested with unhappy performatives’ but arguably, as the play draws to a close this image is shattered and the patriarchal pretences are revealed as Nora states: ‘you were never in love with me, you just thought it was fun to be in love with me.’ Nora’s realisation that her marriage is a faà §ade arguably leads to her decision to step away from her husband in search of independence, knowledge and the happiness those entail. It could be argued that Nora’s search for independ ence indicates Ibsen’s view as a humanist and as some have argued, a ‘proto feminist,’ who believed that it was not a ‘question of women’s rights’ but of ‘human rights.’It seems, however, that though Ibsen’s desire was for gender equality, Nora’s freedom would not have been genuinely possible in Ibsen’s contemporary society. Ibsen’s inspiration for Nora was a friend, Laura Keeler who when stepping out of the confining, patriarchal parameters, was punished by her husband and placed into a mental asylum. It seems then, that though we are given the impression of empowerment and happiness Nora’s journey is not a true representation of what was accessible for women in the 1800’s. Equally, Eve is repressed by the male figures in her society and expected to ‘study household good’ under the role of the 17th century ideal housewife. Like Ibsen’s, Milton’s ideology seems t o run through his text through the presentation of Eve as she is prohibited from gaining knowledge such power that comes with it. This seems to mirror Milton’s attitude towards women, who in his own life had forbidden his daughters from a full education. As a result, it seems that unlike Nora, Eve does not triumph in her search for independence but instead is laid with the consequences of the fall: pain in child birth, mortality and the gift to future generations of hereditary sin, ‘who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss.’ Despite these consequences, however, as book 9 commences one of Eve’s main arguments for ‘divid [ing their] labours’ is to escape the threat of the tempter, Satan (‘how are we happy, still in fear of harm.’) As Satan is the most penalised, admonished to hell, subject to the constant temptation of fruit that turns to ash, despite Eve’s inability to achieve independence, the removal and punishment of Satan does dissipate the perpetual fear of ‘the evil one’ and allow herself and Adam to live together in peace, harmony and happiness. Overall, we are given the impression that through a journey towards independence, Nora will find a sense of freedom and happiness in the future. Eve’s search for independence is not a source of empowerment as she is ladled with the consequences of the fall and forcibly placed back at her husband’s side, we do, however, get the impression that without power Eve is still able to find some peace and happiness, as the threat of Satan is no longer a genuine one and her relationship with Adam is reconciled. In conclusion, the men in these texts would have been expected by their contemporary audiences to wield masculine power as patriarchal figures. It seems however, that their desire to hold onto thus power restricts them from a happy life, as it drives their wives away in search of independence. Adam is able to reconcile with his wife and ultimately be happy again but arguably, Ibsen uses Torvald to suggest that those who are not willing to share their power will never be able to put aside their pride for the sake of love and happiness. The women in these texts demonstrate that independence and knowledge is a source of power and happiness, but where Nora is able to receive what appears to be a happy ending, Eve is put back in her place and ladled with the consequences of the fall. Eve, though completely disempowered does seem to find some sense of happiness, as she and Adam are able to reconcile their differences, and without the threat of Satan can live their lives in harmony.

How can US Small business survive in a Global Economy Research Proposal

How can US Small business survive in a Global Economy - Research Proposal Example However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the level of management within this sector, with US policy-makers indicating that there are specific flaws in innovation (Katz & Green, 2011), lack of economic insight, entrepreneurial talent, practical understanding, and human resource management. According to Johnson and Turner (2010), the early phases are of significant value for the small business as these a very high failure rate. Keeping in view this high failure rate in the small business sector, it seems essential to examine the aspects, characteristics, or management skills that are necessary to facilitate the small business to survive and progress in global economy. ... ituational Analysis It is understandable that as the global economy goes on towards more and more integration due to progress of communications approaches, growth in developing nations, and decline in barriers for cross-country business, a few of the best prospects for small businesses will draw by operating within the global market. Within the developed as well as developing nations around the globe, US policy makers at all levels have accepted the fact that small businesses are turning out to be more and more essential with respect to employment, creation of wealth and the improvement in innovation. Alternatively, there are significant reservations regarding the excellence of management within this sector, with policy makers telling that there are specific weak spots in improvement, dire need of economic insight, advertising, entrepreneurial talent, understanding of market, and human resource management (Gupta, 2008). Therefore, a number of small businesses do not get to their comp lete potential and fail to survive, causing lost employments and capital for their area in which they are situated. Earlier research proved that there are four decisive phases within the life of a small business where the phases are decided by the time-span the business has been functioning. The estimated duration of every phase is as follows: first phase is the commencing point and is approximately three years in length. Subsequently, second phase is the development period and is four to six years in length; third phase is the established part and it is somewhere between six to eight years in length; and fourth phase is the constancy period having more than nine years of duration. Linked with all of these phases is a special set of business traits, tests, decision-making aptitude, and

District Budgetary Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

District Budgetary Overview - Essay Example The schools in the district would require prepare a budget for the period of July, 1 to June, 30 and submit the same for sanction of the governing body by July, 15. The three generally accepted accounting practices include the incremental budgeting, the zero based budgeting and the planning, programming, budgeting system. The incremental budgeting is done the district school where they adjust the budget of the previous year to that of the next year (Hosted, 2012). The zero based budgeting includes starting he budgeting at the beginning of the year. The planning, programming and the budgeting system includes the cost on a per pupil basis. Due to this accounting practice, the fluctuation of the budget is eliminated due to change of demographics. The superintendent and school board responsibilities for building a budget The responsibility of the superintendent and the school board is crucial for building the budget. The responsibilities range from forecasting the enrolment for the next year as compared to the current years, take feedbacks from the supporting staffs and confirm the final budget. The actual enrolment figures are tallied against the projected figures to produce an error free budget. The feedback from the operational staffs is taken to make necessary adjustment for meet the unplanned expenses. The final budget is prepared and presented to the school board for approval. The school board cross checks the evaluations and finally approves the budget for implementation. Key budget terminology The budget is a plan for the financial year in order to meet the expected expenses from the anticipated revenues. The key budget terminologies range from the accounting terminologies to financial terms and accountability of the governing body. Specific terminologies like revenues, expenses, accountability, cash flow, control, fiscal, forecast, supporting schedule are important. The budgetary revenues are the anticipated sources of income for the school and the budgeta ry expenses are the anticipated usage of funds of the school. The cash flow is budgeted and is based on the difference between the budgetary revenues and the budgetary expenses. The budgetary expenses are prepared for a fiscal of one year based on the forecast of the events anticipated in future. A supporting schedule of revenues and expenses are attached in the budget in order to indicate the time line of the cash flows. How the funds in the budget are balanced and coordinated The funds in the budget mainly comprise of government funds and fiduciary funds used for the development of the district schools and its operations. The government funds are allocated as per the specification of the government. The fiduciary funds are the funds available from sources other than the government. The funds are balanced and co-ordinate through budgetary control. The budgetary control is implemented with the help of periodic reports. The reports help to understand the gap between the actual expens es and the budgeted expenses. Thus monitoring and control of budgetary expenses help to balance and co-ordinate the funds (Warren,  Reeve and  Duchac, 2008). The budget monitoring and control is a significant aspect for controlling the expenses against the budgeted figures and provide the direction to achieve the target budgeted plan. The district's budget timeline The timeline for the budget the district is for a period of one fiscal year.

E-Business Essay Example for Free

E-Business Essay Supply chain management is a battery of procedures that involve planning, executing and organizing the operations of a supply chain (Haag et al. , 2006). Such cluster of procedures covers all activities of the GAP, including management of raw materials, inventory and final products at both the point-of-origin and point-of-consumption. Supply chain management requires the modification of management from a direct individual-based level of performance to an indirect marketing or integration of operations as key processes in the supply chain. One simple example involves the placement of purchase orders by the purchasing department of the company. This is then coupled by the communication of the marketing department with particular distributors and retailers. Such efforts in integrating several processes in order to maximize and speed up a general process may result in an extremely efficient company. The integration of the financing technology and supplier outreach services facilitates reduction in capital requirements and finance costs associated with the clients (Kemp, 2006). The reduction in requirements and costs is attained through indirect and full cyber marketing, which permits retailers and suppliers to register with the website and interactive with the supply chain system. Such technological innovation of doing e-business helps them track down the payments of any transactions completed or still in progress (Timmers, 2000). In addition, suppliers and buyers are able to work in partnership to settle the final price and this is usually done through the receipt of credit memoranda. Such setting facilitates a faster process of trading. The integration of operations enhances the relationship between the supplier and the buyer, regardless of employment, gender and physical backgrounds.

Historical Events that Changed the World Essay -- World War 2 II Two

Historical Events that Changed the World Between World War I and World War II America went through events in the political, economical and social areas that would change the face of the nation forever. The various eras- World War I, the Roaring Twenties, The Great Depression & the New Deal, and World War II each had separate issues that caused changes in relation to class, gender, domestic and international affairs. Although many of these events were only effective temporarily, others still show a strong influence today. Movements such as woman suffrage, events such as dropping the atomic bomb, and social eras such as The Harlem Renaissance still play an important role in the lives of Americans today. World War I laid the foundations for the political and economical crisis that was soon to follow. Even before the end of the war, Allies claimed reparations from Germany, whose economy was destroyed. Wilson, after meeting with the Big Four, slowly began to accept the idea of reparations. Once implemented, the American banks were now beginning to profit greatly from loaning to both Germany and the Allies- Germany who had to pay their reparations and fix the infrastructure of the country, France whose infrastructure was destroyed and Great Britain, who had to pay back America for all the ammo and weapons they had bought. Germany entered a never-ending debt cycle- repaying the allies by taking out loans, then repaying the loans by taking out even more loans. Germany’s devastated economy as a new democratic nation that was used to monarchy led to poor democratic governments that always failed. These issues eventually caused the Nazi party to become dominant- and Hitler became lead er. The Bolshevik revolution in the 1917 started hatred towards the Communists in America (Eventually leading to the Cold War). The Red Scare that followed the war was a good example of the psychotic mind of the average American. The fear of being overthrown by communists was everywhere. Anyone who publicly opposed the war was immediately thrown into jail. â€Å"Subversive† books were removed from the shelves; feminists were attacked because of their opposition of American intervention in Europe. It was a time of chaos. Once Wilson was out of office, and Harding elected, however, things started to change- The 19th Amendment that was ratified in 1920 marked the end of 100 years o... ... morning of August 6th, 1945, Hiroshima was bombed, over 80,000 casualties, and Nagasaki was bombed 3 days later, with over 100,000 casualties. September 2nd, 1945 was the surrender date of the Japanese. Fourteen million troops and over 35 million civilians had perished in this devastating war. The era between World War I and World War II changed the face of America greatly. From the traditional world of religion, hands-off capitalism, modesty, white-male supremacy, emerged a new world- where evolution was taught, radio and movies became the main source of entertainment, where blacks were treated more as equals and less as scum, where women received voting rights and labor benefits, where California became the economic powerhouse. The era has set the economic and social values of which we live by today, as well as many political issues that have recently ended (Cold War) or issues that are still going on today-for example the Mexican illegal immigrant work force. All in all, I believe that the individual triumphs, or collapses, in the class, gender, domestic and international affairs of those times have changed the face of America and set the basis for our everyday lifestyle.

Racism Synthesis

Racism can be â€Å"defined as the hatred of one person by another or the belief that another person is less than human because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. It has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes† (â€Å"What†). The face of racism over the past 50 years has changed but yet, some still stay the same. People made laws against racism and it is not as blunt anymore.But opinions and stereotypes will remain which will cause others to still be treated differently. One way the face of racism has changed is that there are now laws against it. Because racism was such a major problem back then, the 14th amendment was created, which provided everyone guaranteed equal protection of the law and â€Å"prevents unreasonable searches and seizures† (â€Å"Racial†). In my high school, there is a wide range of diversity in races among the students.Not just a school of Blacks, or just Whites, or even just Asians, but the students are made up of a variety of races. A law that allows this diversity to happen is called Affirmative Action. â€Å"Affirmative Action refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business, usually justified as countering the effects of a history of discrimination† (Affirmative).According to James McBride in The Color of Water, him and his family â€Å"were shocked by the racial division of the city and surrounding country, where most of the black kids attended understaffed and underfunded city schools while whites attended sparkling clean suburban schools with fantastic facilities† (McBride 180). This suggests that since racism changed up north, in New York, there aren’t as much segregated schools anymore. While in the south, in Delaware, there still are segregated schools and rough racism.Another way the face of racism has changed is that it is not as blunt anymore. Racism is more discrete. Back then, not all blacks had the same privileges and racism wasn’t just about black and white people. This is an example of colourism. Colourism can be â€Å"defined as a conscious or unconscious state of prejudice that may be experienced by both blacks and whites so that they label as less attractive and intelligent individuals of a darker complexion, particularly, when it comes to black women† â€Å"Demystifying†). Among the black community, there is racism between it as well. Back then, white slave owners â€Å"allowed those of a lighter complexion certain privileges and denied those of a darker complexion those privileges and created in the minds of blacks that â€Å"light† is better. In addition, the selling of lighter-skinned women into prostitution or to salve maste rs to become their mistresses helped to concretize the idea that light skin is better† (â€Å"Demystifying†).But racism is not just about blacks and whites. It can be between any races. With the internet and the power of social networking these days, it is even easier to repudiate and excoriate people. People can criticize you secretly and not include you in certain events without your knowing. You can express racism even behind a computer screen on a website plus make it private so it can’t be seen by the public. Although racism has changed over time these past 50 years, racism in many ways still exists.Everybody has their own opinion and those opinions are influenced by the public and the media. In some way, shape, or form, people are stereotypical towards one another. Racial profiling is an issue due to such opinions and stereotypes. Racial Profiling can be defined as â€Å"the practice by law enforcement officials of using race, national origin, or ethnicity as the primary or sole consideration when intervening in a law-enforcement capacity† (â€Å"Racial†).James McBride, in The Color of Water, states that â€Å"any black man who loiters in front of a building for a long time looking it over is bound to draw suspicion from cops and others who probably think he’s looking for an open entrance so he can climb in and steal something. † This is an example of racial profiling because the police are considering that since he is black, he is going to commit crime and steal something. In that time, â€Å"black males were closely associated with crime in America (McBride). † This is a contribution to the stereotype of black people always committing crimes.Although stereotypes are based off facts, they do not apply to everybody. According to Heather Mac Donald, â€Å"such disparities in criminal victimization mean that the police cannot target their resources at the neighborhoods that most need protection withou t producing racially disparate stop and arrest rates. Blacks are not just the most frequent victims of crime in New York; they are also its most frequent perpetrators†¦add Hispanics to black shootings, and you account for 98 percent of all gun violence in New York. † Racism still hasn’t changed in stereotypes.Blacks still commit most crimes and are racially profiled by suspicion. Racism over the past 50 years has changed because of such laws for example, the 14th amendment and Affirmative Action. Furthermore, racism has changed due to colourism as well. But on the contrary, even though time has passed and views have changed, racism still remains the same due to everyone’s opinions provided and influenced by stereotypes. Works Cited â€Å"Affirmative Action. † Wikipedia. 2012. N. pag. Print. â€Å"Demystifying Colourism, Racism [opinion]. † Africa News Service 19 June 2012.Global Issues In Context. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. Mac Donald, Heather. â€Å"T he crime reporting you never read: if it doesn’t bash the police, it isn’t fit to print. † National Review 30 July 2012: 32. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. McBride, James. The Color of Water: A Black Man’s Tribute to His White Mother. New York: Riverhead, 1997. Print. â€Å"Racial Profiling. † Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 3 Sept. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"What Is Racism? † Anti-Defamation League. Anti-Defamation League, 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. .

The Hyogo Framework For Action Environmental Sciences Essay

The construct and pattern of cut downing catastrophe hazards through systematic attempts to analyze and pull off the causal factors of catastrophes, including through reduced exposure to jeopardies, lessened exposure of people and belongings, wise direction of land and the environment, and improved readiness for inauspicious events. In short it is a program or action that is in topographic point to decrease the consequence of a catastrophe before or after it strikes.Definition of DRMCatastrophe hazard direction is a planned method of utilizing administrative instructions, organisations, and operational accomplishments to set into pattern schemes, constabularies and â€Å" improved header capacities † in order to cut down the unfavorable force of jeopardies and the opportunity of catastrophe. ( Kesten A. R. , 2005 ) ( United Nations: International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction ( UNISDR ) . , 2004 )Hyogo Framework for ActionThe Hyogo Framework for Action ( UNISDR, 2011 ) provides the undermentioned precedences for action. Priority Action 1 States that develop policy, legislative and institutional models for catastrophe hazard decrease and that can develop and track advancement through specific and mensurable indexs have greater capacity to pull off hazards and to accomplish widespread consensus for, battle in and conformity with catastrophe hazard decrease steps across all the sectors of society. Ensure that catastrophe hazard decrease is a national and a local precedence with a strong institutional footing for execution. Priority Action 2 The starting point for cut downing catastrophe hazard and for advancing a civilization of catastrophe resiliency lies in the cognition of the jeopardies and the physical, societal, economic and environmental exposures to catastrophes that most societies face. Of the ways in which jeopardies and exposures are altering in the short and long term footing. This is followed by action taken on the footing of that cognition. Identify, buttocks and proctor catastrophe hazard and heighten early warning. Priority Action 3 Catastrophes can be well reduced if people are good informed and motivated towards a civilization of catastrophe bar and resiliency, which in bend requires the aggregation, digest and airing of relevant cognition and information on jeopardies, exposures and capacities. In short people need to cognize about the catastrophe they could be faced with and what they need to make to remain alive if one stikes. Use cognition, invention and instruction to construct a civilization of safety and resiliency at all degrees. Priority Action 4 Catastrophe hazards related to altering societal, economic, environmental conditions and land usage, and the impact of jeopardies associated with geological events, conditions, H2O, clime variableness and clime alteration. These topics are addressed in sector development planning and programmes every bit good as in post-disaster state of affairss. Reduce the implicit in hazard factors. Priority Action 5 At times of catastrophe, impacts and losingss can be well reduced if governments, persons and communities in hazard-prone countries are good prepared and ready to move and are equipped with the cognition and capacities for effectual catastrophe direction. Strengthen catastrophe readiness for effectual response.Question 3The current world in South Africa with respects to Disaster Risk ManagementSouth Africa is invariably threatened by several types of catastrophes of different beginning and nature. These jeopardies, which are technological, environmental and natural in beginning, include terrible hydro meteoric events, such as inundations, drouths, terrible storms twisters and veld fires. Hazards of biological beginning, such as epidemic disease incidences, which affect worlds and farm animal, have shown an addition in recent old ages. In the excavation industry and in urban environments, risky stuff and transit accidents continue to present major challenges. Gauteng in the last few hebdomads has experienced a figure of localised implosion therapy incidents including a detrimental hailstorm on 20 October 2012 in the Germiston country ( Kesten, A.R. 2012 ) . Large Numberss of rural people migrate to urban countries in hunt of employment, although governments continue with attempts to cut down the high degrees of poorness and to rush the proviso of substructure and entree to services. They are invariably exposed to a scope of menaces due to the fact that they have to settle in insecure environments and are badly vulnerable to conditions such as inundations, H2O borne diseases and domestic fires. Vulnerability of rural communities in footings of sustainable supports and poorness are impacted on by alterations in societal behaviour in these specific communities. Poverty, due to high degrees of unemployment leaves people, families and communities missing resiliency to the impact of jeopardies. The bequest left by the Apartheid authorities impacted communities, which are now disadvantaged and urgently destitute and as a consequence, capable to high degrees of catastrophe hazard. Smaller local communities are more often prone to catastrophes w here loss of life and belongings, and the fiscal load thereof, are high. Socially disadvantaged groups are more vulnerable to jeopardies, reflecting their societal, cultural, economic and political environment. Catastrophes, in bend, are a beginning of impermanent adversity and hurt and a factor lending to relentless poorness. At the family degree, location of lodging ( e.g. on flood plains ) , primary types of business and entree to resources ( including fiscal ) ; reflect how poorness is the individual most of import factor in finding exposure.Factors lending to exposure in South AfricaThere are many factors lending to exposure in South Africa. They are: dearth ; HIV/AIDS ; uninterrupted struggle and Globalization. Famine – there is non plenty nutrient available, failures of administration and utmost degrees of predominating poorness which has led to alone degrees of adversity for many people in South Africa. HIV/AIDS – HIV/AIDS has eroded the lives and supports of 1000000s of Africans. It has left Africans vulnerable at homeowner and macro-economic degrees. Continuing struggle – struggles have really high costs, destructing past development additions and go forthing of damaged assets and substructures that impedes future additions. Globalization – developing states like South Africa can non utilize their primary merchandises to guarantee economic growing and development, because of this international market. Therefore this ensures that the rich get richer and the hapless are dragged down into poorness. Other factors lending to exposure in South Africa are: Erratic rainfall Climate variableness Break to nutrient handiness Extreme degrees of poorness Paraffin wellness menaces Failures of authorities Crippling foreign debt Collapsing trade good monetary values Limited export net incomes Animal diseases Capacity edifice, public consciousness and research Communication and information Catastrophe alleviation Drought Early warnings Energy Environmental exigencies Floods International facets Mining catastrophes Radiation related catastrophes Refugees Technological accidents Veld and forest fires Weather warningsQuestion 44.1 Emergency and Response ManagementEmergency response direction is familiar to disaster response bureaus and catastrophe victims. It includes emptying processs and shelters, hunt and deliverance squads, needs assessment squads, activation of exigency line of life installations, response centres and shelters for displaced people. Catastrophe response refers to activities that are put into action instantly anterior to catastrophes, when there is equal early warning and instantly following catastrophes. Response includes early warning and emptying of the readiness measures or programs and short-run exigency steps of alleviation every bit good as long-run recovery and Reconstruction activities. The purpose of this response is to salvage lives, to guarantee the endurance of the maximal possible figure of people affected, to restore ego sufficiency and reconstruct indispensable services every bit quickly as possible and to mend or replace damaged substructures and economic installations, place, appraise and implement development aims which cut down exposure. Response covers a scope of activities depending on the nature of the catastrophe. The activities are warning, emptying, migration or response, hunt and needs appraisal and exigency alleviation. The indispensable elements of response and exigency direction are logistic and supply, communicating and information direction, subsister response and get bying mechanisms, security and the demand to protect basic human rights, accent on the most vulnerable group, exigency operations and direction, Reconstruction and execution of rehabilitation steps. Effectiveness of response and exigency direction will be influenced by a figure of factors. They are: First, the type of catastrophe will impact the effectivity of mobilisation and application of response. Second, the badness and extent of the catastrophe. Third, the ability to take pre-action will depend on the type of catastrophe every bit good as the capacity. Fourth, the capableness for sustainable action4.2 Key countries and jobs associating to exigency and response directionResponse activities will usually be carried out under disruptive and sometimes unsafe or traumatic conditions, and therefore it is hard to implement. Heavy demands will be made on personal, equipment, installations and resources. Effective response will therefore depend on the good readiness, capacity put in topographic point as portion of a hazard decrease scheme. Sound planning, organisation and preparation are hence indispensable for accomplishing optimum success. Catastrophe hazard decrease activities should be put in topographic point as long-run steps that increase the capacity and resiliency of vulnerable groups in order to cut down the impact of future catastrophe events. The response period provides an chance for measuring bing catastrophe hazard decrease steps and thought of what needs to be improved and what needs to be put in topographic point. Weak institutional model includes unequal policy way, hapless organisation and coordination, unequal planning, unequal readiness ( out-of-date programs, low criterions of preparedness, deficiency of clear determination devising system, deficiency of clear allotment of functions and duties ) . Therefore weak institutional model may interpret into failing in early warning and public consciousness, deficiency of capacity for impact appraisal, deficiency of anterior hazard appraisal and exposure analysis, hapless information direction system and hapless status and response operations. An extra consideration is the deficiency of standardisation or the deficiency of execution of criterions which have been developed by the South African Bureau of Standards in line with subdivision 7 ( 2 ) of the Disaster Management ActQuestion 5ResilienceThe ability of a system, community or society exposed to jeopardies to defy, absorb, suit to and retrieve from the effects of a jeopardy in a timely and efficient mode, including through the saving and Restoration of its indispensable basic constructions and maps. Resilience means the ability to â€Å" jump back from † a daze. The resiliency of a community in regard to possible jeopardy events is determined by the grade to which the community has the necessary resources and is capable of forming itself both prior to and during times of demand. ( Harmonizing to the most current US/ISDR definition. )VulnerabilityThe features and fortunes of a community, system or plus that make it susceptible to the detrimental effects of a jeopardy. There are many facets of exposure, originating from assorted physical, societal, economic, and environmental factors. Examples may include hapless design and building of edifices, unequal protection of assets, deficiency of public information and consciousness, limited official acknowledgment of hazards and readiness steps, and neglect for wise environmental direction. Vulnerability varies significantly within a community and over clip. This definition identifies exposure as a feature of the component of involvement ( community, system or plus ) which is independent of its exposure. However, in common usage the word is frequently used more loosely to include the component ‘s exposure. ( Harmonizing to the most current US/ISDR definition. )Question 6The national catastrophe direction model says that it is indispensable to fit community leaders with consciousness of good patterns in bar, readyings and be aftering for these catastrophes, which may be built-in in the environment, a nd of the pressing demand to educate members of the communities in catastrophe hazard direction accomplishments. The national catastrophe direction model discusses the constitution of effectual agreements for the development and aboption of incorporate catastrophe hazard direction policy in South Africa it addresses the agreements for the incorporate dirction and execution of catastrophe hazard direction policy, it sets out the agreements required for stakeholders engagement and the battle of proficient advice in catastrophe hazard direction planning and operations and it describes agreements for national, regional and international co-operation for catastrophe hazard direction. Disaster hazard direction introduces the procedure involved in transporting out a catastrophe hazard appraisal, addresses procedures for bring forthing a National Indicative Disaster Risk Profile, describes demands for monitoring, updating and circulating catastrophe hazard information and looks at steps to guarantee quality control in catastrophe hazard appraisal and monitoring. Disaster hazard decrease addresses deman ds for catastrophe hazard direction planning within all parts of authorities. Response and recovery requires an incorporate and coordinated policy that focuses on rapid and effectual response to catastrophes and post-disaster recovery and rehabilitation. The catastrophe hazard direction procedure is the key to the effectual operation of an full squad sourced from many different subjects, involved in the catastrophe direction operation. It consists of several procedures, they are Establish the Context, Identify Risk, Analyse Risk, Evaluate and Priorities Risk, Treat Risk, Monitor and Review, Communicate and Consult. Establish the context so that there is a thorough apprehension of the context in which risk/s is present. Hazard designation is to foremost place all the possible jeopardies, whish could hold an impact on the country being assessed. Analyse hazard is to find the bing control mechanisms for the identified jeopardy and its strengths. Evaluate and precedences risk to a certain standard that is necessary towards the prioritization of the hazard. Risk intervention is necessary after they have been prioritized. Different hazards have different types of interventions and different degrees of interventions. Monitor and reappraisal is a non-stop procedure throw out the hazard direction procedure. This done to do certain the right program was implemented and the right action was taken. Communicate and consult is to pass on with the relevant people so that all the right actions can be taken, so that there is less loss to the country. The extenuation and preparedness stage starts as catastrophe direction betterments are made in expectancy of a catastrophe. Mitigation measures include constructing codifications and zoning, exposure analyses and public instruction. Preparedness is holding a: program of action at a clip of crisis ; preparedness programs ; exigency exercisings and preparation every bit good as warning systems. Preparedness has two chief purposes. These purposes are to assist people to avoid possible catastrophes and to authorise those who may be affected through programs and resources which raise their degrees of resiliency. These purposes are put into topographic point to salvage lives, to minimise the inauspicious effects of a jeopardy through effectual precautional steps and to guarantee seasonably, appropriate and efficient organisation for exigency responses. The nine following classs reflect the chief constituents of catastrophe readiness. These constituents are vulnerability appraisal, planning, institutional model, information systems, resource base, warning systems, exigency and response direction, public instruction and preparation and dry runs. Vulnerability appraisal is an ongoing procedure of people and organisations that assess jeopardies and hazards, map out possible jeopardies and predicts the alleviation demands and available resources. Planing involves many signifiers of extenuation and readiness schemes and eventuality programs for reacting to peculiar jeopardies. Institutional model is well-coordinated catastrophe readiness and response system at all degrees, with committedness from relevant stakeholders where functions and duties are clearly defined ( Twigg, 2004:288 ) . Information systems are systems put in topographic point for assemblage and circulating information between stakeholders. Resource base refers to the reso urces that are at your disposal to alleviate the general public of a catastrophe ( e.g. nutrient, shelter, medical attending, etc ) . Warning systems are ways of conveying warnings efficaciously to people at hazard. Emergency and response direction is the actions that should be taken every bit shortly as a catastrophe has occurred. Public instruction and preparation includes preparation classs, workshops and extension plans for at hazard groups and catastrophe respondents so that the populace will cognize what action to follow when a catastrophe work stoppages. Rehearsals are the chances to practise the drills which need to be implemented as a catastrophe work stoppages. Catastrophe planning is required to do certain that all the mechanisms are in topographic point to cut down the hazards and impacts of a catastrophe when it happens. Disaster planning should take into history the socio economic, environmental and other factors that cause hazard and menaces. Disaster readiness for effectual response is the system put into topographic point so that the response to catastrophes is done right and effectual. Effective information flows are needed for a figure of valid grounds that in general all consequence the extenuation of catastrophes. Preparedness planning as the challenges of the educational system in Africa is non that good due to the growing rate of African states, nevertheless the undermentioned agency of instruction to be in Africa can be used to offer catastrophe consciousness programmes and causes. Preparedness planning and developing harmonizing to Erdih ( 1988 ; 37 ) and effectual instruction and preparation programmes for catastrophe readiness should be peculiar in design, be community specific, based on a rational appraisal of the information needed, be integrated with an bing catastrophe and response system, include information bar, extenuation and recovery, be established as an on-going procedure and included as the most vulnerable sector of the population precedence. Fiscal facets of readiness planning are a large facet of catastrophe extenuation is the direction of fiscal resources. Many beginnings of fiscal aid could be considered during the direction of catastrophe in footings of catastrophe extenuation. It is good pattern to guarantee there is bar, readyings and be aftering for catastrophes and instruction for communities so that they know what action to take before, during and after a catastrophe.

Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication Free Online Research Papers Wireless communications are everywhere. People around the world regularly send and receive messages wirelessly, that is, transmitted through the air. Three types of wireless communications include wireless messaging services, wireless internet access points, and global positioning systems. People use mobile phones, PDAs and other mobile devices to access text messaging, instant messaging, and picture messaging services (Davies 34-42). Through text messaging services, users send and receive short text messages, which usually consist of fewer than 300 characters. Wireless instant messaging is an Internet communications service that allows a wireless mobile device to exchange instant messages that one or more mobile devices or online personal computers. Users send graphics, pictures, video clip, sound files, and short text messages with picture messaging services. In many public locations, people connect to the Internet through a wireless Internet access point using mobile computer and devices. Two types of wireless Internet access points are hot spots and 3G networks. A hot spot is a wireless network that allows mobile users to check e-mail, browse the Web, and access any Internet service – as long as their computers or devices have the appropriate wireless capability. A 3G network, which uses cellular radio technology, enables users to connect to the Internet through a mobile phone or computer equipped with an appropriate PC card. A global positioning system (GPS) is a navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver’s geographic location, according to Shelly and Cashman (How GPS Works). A GPS receiver is a handheld, mountable, or embedded device that contains an antenna, a radio receiver, and a processor. Many mobile devices, such as mobile phones and PDAs, have GPS capability built into the device. Mobile users communicate wirelessly through wireless messaging services, wireless Internet access points, and global positioning systems. Anyone can take advantage of wireless communications using mobile computers and devices. ? Davies, Habika. Text Messaging, Instant Messaging, and Picture Messaging Services. Computing in Todays World January 2008: 34-42. Podpora, Maxine C., and Adlbert D. Ruiz. Advances in Wireless Internet Access Point Technology. Dallas: Wells Publishing , 2008. Shelly, Gary B., and Thomas J. Cashman. How GPS Works. Course Technology. 21 March 2008 . Research Papers on Wireless CommunicationBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Radiobiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Radiobiology - Essay Example The smallest structural and functional component of protoplasm that can exist freely is the cell (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 485). It is just necessary to study the effects of radiation at the cellular level to truly understand the factors that affect biological tissues. Cells are of two types - somatic cells and germ cells. Of these somatic cells have three subtypes - stem cells (cells that generate other cells through differentiation), transit cells (cells that are in the state of being transformed from one type of cell to another) and mature cells (cells that are fully differentiated and are relatively stable in that state) (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). Somatic cells proliferate through two well-defined time periods - mitosis (M), when cell division takes place while maintaining the species chromosome number; and the period of DNA synthesis (S). (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). Before S, there is a gap (rest period) when DNA is not yet synthesized. After S there i s another gap (when DNA is synthesized but other metabolic processes are taking place). After M takes place. Thus, the cell proliferation cycle is - S M. In time this whole process is - (1-8h) S (6-8h) (2-4h) M (>1h) (h = hours). Thus, the entire cell proliferation cycle can take between 10 to 20 hrs (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). When there is death among non-prol... 487). It is notable that cells are the most vulnerable to radiation (radiosensitive) in the M and phases while they are the most resistant in the late S phase (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). When there is death among non-proliferating cells (static) there is said to be loss of a specific bodily function while death of proliferating cells such as stem cells and others are taken to be loss of reproductive integrity (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). In cases where a certain radiation-damaged cell survives and begins to proliferate indefinitely it is termed as a 'clonogenic' cell (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487) with changed cellular characteristics (the change is to the DNA components of the cell). Radiation Characteristics: When cells are exposed to radiation the usual physical effects of the radiation on the atoms and molecules of the cells is immediate. Effects on biological function may follow later. Radiation effects on biological function are most pronounced when there is structural damage to DNA - the most critical target within cells (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 488). It is obvious that some physical factor defines the quality of the ionizing radiation beam that may damage biological tissue. In radiobiology and radiation protection this physical factor is the 'linear energy transfer (LET). According to the ICRU it may be defined as - "LET of charged particles in a medium is the quotient dE/dl, where dE is the average energy locally imparted to the medium by a charged particle of specified energy in traversing a distance of dl." (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 486) Thus, the impact that radiated packets may have with the atoms and molecules of the biological tissues is not as important as the

The Different Aspects of Heroism in Animation Assignment

The Different Aspects of Heroism in Animation - Assignment Example Taking the case of Ashitaka (Princess Mononoke, 1997) a film directed by renowned animator Hayao Miyazaki, it can be seen that there is a clash of nature versus humanity. Ashitaka is the main character who has to treat dangerous grounds in an effort to save the community. The animated version of the film shows Ashitaka killing the demon but does not go unscathed as his right arm is corrupted with a curse and he has a long journey into the Great Forest Spirit to get help (Beane 5). The ensuing battle between Princess Mononoke and a mining village requires a courageous and industrial person to save the situation. This film presents Japanese cultural definition of heroism as an ability to wade through evil, save lives and remain self-less in defence of the society as seen in Ashitaka’s dedication to rebuilding Iron town in his last interaction with San and Eboshi. In Sylvain (Gandahar, 1988) the Queen Ambisextra and the Council of Women believe in warrior Sylvain as the ultimate saviour of the kingdom against the Machine-Men. In this cultural setup, the courage to face supernatural beings in the form of metals is considered heroic. Sylvain is a great warrior and from the animated version, is wit of incorporating the mutant beings called the Deformed (physically deformed, but mentally and spiritually advanced) and by a beautiful woman named Airelle. Considering his ability to strategize on a way of completely eliminating these metal creatures is exhibited through creative animation that exposes his heroism at the end of the encounter (Beane 9). The animated presentation of Peter (Peter and the Wolf, 2006) is entertaining and informative as it explores an exciting show of heroism by Peter against the much hated and dreaded wolf. The film has a combination that is attractive to children and captivating to music enthusiasts. Peter’s ability to unwit the wolf, tie and prevent the hunters from killing it is a show of true hero.  

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film - Essay Example The deliberate use of black and white automatically gave the film a sense of realism and drama as contrasted against spectacle and fantasy. The introduction of CinemaScope also introduced the use of framing and camera angle, techniques that were used in High Noon to emphasize the growing nervousness and uncertainty in Marshall Kane as well as the passage of time (a clock is featured in nearly every scene). This ticking clock plays a central role in the plot as the hands move slowly but inexorably toward the high spot and the gun fight between Kane and Miller. The strong female character is somewhat surprising in this early film. According to Jackie Stacey (1994), women had already become recognized as the consumers of the household by the 1950s, a fact that gave them a new power outside of the home. Women were beginning to redefine their passive role in society and being â€Å"addressed as individuals and encouraged to reproduce their ‘individuality’ through the consumption of clothes, make-up and household goods† (Stacey, 1994: 186). High Noon is exceptional in that it provides women with two opposing yet equally strong female role models, the angel Amy and the vamp Helen. Helen is understood to have had several lovers, including bad guy Frank Miller, good guy Will Kane and ex-deputy Harvey Pell. She owns several businesses – she is seen selling her store (in which she has been a silent partner) and it is her name on the saloon. She is fiercely independent, having no qualms about kicking Harvey out when he dis pleases her, and wise about the people around her. Amy is similarly strong although this is not immediately apparent during the wedding ceremony. However, it is because of her religious beliefs that the ceremony takes place at the justice of the peace rather than in the church and she remains strong in her refusal to condone

Google wallet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google wallet - Research Paper Example With the help of Google Wallet, people can successfully make secure payments by simply tapping the mobile phone and then entering the security code on PayPass enabled terminal checkout. The overall process of making transaction is simple and convenient for the users. Despite of the fact that Google Wallet technology has recently been introduced and it is still in its early stages, however it has been predicted in next few years and it would grow and increase its users. Google do not be charging any amount from users and merchants for having access to wallet. Debit or credit card if stolen can be used in some situations without signature or personal identification number however Google wallet has an extra layer of security as additional security is required to complete transactions (Google Wallet). Google has claimed that it is just the starting of a new era and in future Google Wallet would become a necessity for everyone (Google Wallet). Also it is expected that with the passage of time, compatibility of Google Wallet would extend to all Google Android smartphones. Google aims to support all the cards that an individual would keep in his wallet so that Google Wallet can take place of these cards (Google Wallet). According to Drew Sievers, CEO of mFoundry, sales volume of Google wallet would grow as the number of merchant increases, more banks sign agreement with the company and new phones are made compatible. He further added that merchants would be able to have an increase in the number of qualified customers as Google Wallet grows (Tode. 2011). Google has to face different challenges in order to ensure growth of Google Wallet and make it a success and the most important hurdles or challenges that it has to face are providing different variety of cellular phones compatible with the software, making the software easy to use and interested cardholders and merchants ready for the software. However, considering the

Trend and effects of global immigration

Trend and effects of global immigration Trend and Effects of Global Immigration Immigration is a major political issue in the United States. Elections are won or lost based on candidates position on immigration reform. According to a 2008 Gallup Poll most people in the United States believe that immigration should be decreased. (Gallup, 2010) However, according to the same poll, since 2005 whites and blacks feel that immigration should be decreased. Conversely, the data shows that Hispanics believe immigration should be increased. In contrast, since 2005 whites, blacks and Hispanics all believe that immigration is a good thing for this country. Still, while whites and blacks believe that immigrants cost tax payers too much, yet Hispanics believe that immigrants do not cost tax payers too much. All those who responded to the Gallup Poll believe that immigrants are willing to take the low-paying jobs that Americans dont want (Gallup, 2010). While Gallup data provides insight only to trends in the United States, data from the Ogranisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) provides a snapshot of the reality of immigration around the world. OECD data shows that since 2005 foreign populations have increased in the majority of countries tracked. The greatest increases in foreign workers are in the United States, C anada, Italy, New Zealand, and Spain (2009). Trends The migration of people is not a new phenomenon. History shows that people have migrated since ancient times (Mueller, 2007). [M]igrations are not an isolated phenomenon: movements of commodities and capital almost always give rise to movements of people state Castles and Miller (as cited in Ryan, 2007). The Gallup data illustrates a trend in public opinion in the United States that immigration should be decreased (2010), yet internationally, including United States, OECD data shows a trend that actual immigration is steadily increasing each year (2009). The increase in immigration suggests another trend in the job market in which low paying jobs in this country are taken by immigrants, which supports the Gallup report stating that while there are many reasons for migration, the universal desire of all is to get a good job (Clifton, 2007). Historically, immigrants were poor males that were mostly unskilled. These men immigrated generally for economic reasons to send money back to their families (Ryan, 2007). Since 1970 the profile of an immigrant has evolved to include females who choose to migrate for a variety of reasons including family reunification, improved quality of life for their children and good jobs (Ryan, 2007; Piper, 2006; Horton, 2008; Clifton, 2007). Since 1980 women outnumber male immigrants in countries such as Australia, the United States, and Canada (Ryan, 2007). Impact of Immigration To the extent that people migrate to reunite their families, get a good job, or improve their financial situation, migration is beneficial to the individual. However, the ultimate benefits of migration come at a cost. For example, Mexican women often migrate to provide ideal lives for their children, influenced by their perceptions of the . . . classic Western ideals of childhood as a space protected from adult burdens and the sphere of monetized relationships . . . (Horton, 2008). In their quests to provide perfect lives for their children, these mothers are separated from their children for months or even years at a time in order to earn enough money to transport their children across borders. Separations are often longer than expected because of increased post-9/11 border enforcement. The cost for these mothers is the deterioration of their relationships with their children. To ensure that their children do not forget, them they send gifts to their children such as toys, candy and clothes. For the children left behind the cost for them is, ironically, at the expense their childhoods. For example, eldest daughters are left to mother younger siblings. Children left behind sometimes feel abandoned, which fosters anger at their absent mothers. These children may also suffer emotionally at the insults of classmates who make fun of them because their parents have migrated to another county (Horton, 2008). Additionally, depending on how they enter a country (i.e., as refugees, asylum seekers, or trafficked) and the jobs they perform (i.e., domestic labor, sex work, service industry work, unskilled labor), many women remain undocumented, which suggests that immigration numbers are even higher than reported (Piper, 2006). The economic impact of migration influences society both positively and negatively. Sending countries benefit from unemployment relief and substantial income through remittances from emigrants (Ryan, 2007). Yet, sending countries also suffer from the loss of skilled workers. (The US National Intelligence Council, 2001) Receiving countries benefit from a new workforce of skilled and unskilled laborers who fill the jobs the younger generation entering the workforce typically does not want. Unfortunately, employers whose businesses depend on skilled labor often take advantage of illegal workers with low pay, long hours, poor conditions, and work law violations. Yet without these workers many of these businesses would fold. Paradoxically, as the need for skilled workers increases, migrant workers will begin to demand higher wages as companies compete for their skills (Hemme, 2006). According to Clifton, all countries will compete for the key commodity that creates jobs: brain gain. Brain gain is defined as a citys or countrys attraction of talented people whose exceptional gifts and knowledge create new business and new jobs and increase that citys or countrys economy (2007). These human mega talents and their supporting employees impact their local economies through their purchasing power. They also impact their countrys GNP through the production of their companies goods. While countries that are able to attract the mega-talents reap the ultimate economic benefits (Gallup estimates one talented star per $100 million of GNP), conversely the countries from which the talent leaves suffer severe brain drain through the lack of skilled workers in health, aviation, mining, shipping and port operations (Clifton, 2007). Conclusion In my professional experience, I have witnessed the effects of immigration on education. There is tremendous benefit to students and districts in the sharing of diverse cultures and languages. However, increased enrollment of children whose parents may not pay taxes places a significant financial burden on school districts because of the need to hire additional teachers and provide meals and transportation. Districts realize a decrease in attendance revenue when migrant families return to their sending countries for extended periods of time. Because of language barriers, districts must provide more bilingual teachers, administrators and paraprofessionals to ensure communication with migrant parents and students. Equally important, test scores suffer because of language barriers and disparity in educational standards of the sending country and receiving district. Migration will continue, but the destinations chosen will ultimately depend on where people can get a good job (Clifton, 2007). Dramatic increases in immigration are predicted in the United States, Europe, Asia and Latin America triggered by violent conflicts, economic crises, and natural disasters (The US National Intelligence Council, 2001). Globalization and democratization will make such dramatic increases difficult to control. Mass migration from Mexico, Cuba and Haiti to the United States will be the result of poverty and political unrest (U.S. National Intelligence Council, 2001). Nations must heed these trends and predictions, prepare their infrastructures and develop plans to attract brain gain to ensure economic success for their citizens. REFERENCES: Hemme, B R(Summer 2007).Global migration as a solution to worker shortages in industrialized economies.Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table, RetrievedFebruary 23, 2010,fromAcademic OneFileviaGale: Horton,S..(2008). Consuming Childhood: Lost and Ideal Childhoods as a Motivation for Migration.Anthropological Quarterly,81(4),925-943. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:1616811601). Piper, N.(Spring 2006).Gendering the politics of migration (1).International Migration Review,40,1.p.133(32).RetrievedFebruary 23, 2010,fromAcademic OneFileviaGale: http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/gtx/start.do?prodId=AONEuserGroupName=novaseu_main Ryan, Jan. (2007). Globalization and migration in the 21st century: looking back into the future. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Academic OneFile via Gale: http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/gtx/start.do?prodId=AONEuserGroupName=novaseu_main The US National Intelligence Council on Growing Global Migration. (Documents).Dec 2001 Population and Development Review,27,4.p.817(3).RetrievedFebruary 23, 2010,fromAcademic OneFileviaGale: Gallup. (2010). Immigration. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/1660/Immigration.aspx#3